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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Life Cycle |
How a species perpetuates itself |
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Human Life Cycle |
Fertilized egg --> Death -Involves studying: 1) pattern of HD from conception to Sexual activity 2) Dating Strategy 3) How we care for offspring 4) How we age |
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4 Levels of Analysis |
Theorist: Tinbergen Mechanistic: How it works Function: Adaptive value Ontogeny: change of trait over life time Evolutionary History: Pattern of trait over deep time when trait originated |
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Genetic |
Transformations of populations through time |
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Charles Darwin |
1831: 5 yr mission -studied artificial selection and suggested that nature could do the same --> evolution by Nat Selection -published: "On origin of Species (1859) |
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Darwin's 4 Postulates |
1) Indvs differ from one another (variation) 2) Offspring tend to resemble their parents (variation can be heritable) 3) More offspring are produced than can possibly servive (limited resources) 4) Indvs w/ traits that allow them to do better in struggle for existance will have more offspring (disproportionate genetic legacy) |
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Fitness |
survival and reproductive potential |
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Mendelian Genetics |
Laws of segregation: you inherit a copy of genes from your parents independent assortment: genes are separate from each other |
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Synthetic Theory of Evolution |
1920s: combined Darwin & Mendel theory = Synthetic Theory of Evolution |
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Modern Understanding of Evolution |
1) Indvs differ from one another -Ultimate source of variation is mutation -40-50% of coding loci exist in allic (an alternate from of gene) form |
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Phenotype |
expressed genotype ex: behavior -determined by environment but also influenced by environment |
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Genotype |
Genetic Makeup |
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Modern Understanding of Evolution Cont. |
2) Offspring resemble their parents -Mendel: genes passed down from parents |
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Modern Understanding of Evolution Cont. |
3) Tendency to over-pop -More gametes (& offspring) produced each generation than can possibly survive. |
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Modern Understanding of Evolution Cont. |
4) Best fit variants leave more offspring -Indvs possessing beneficial phenotypes will leave a greater genetic legacy |
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Natural Selection |
Differential success (& failure) @ surviving & reproducing by indvs of population as a function of their phenotypes, coupled w/ the strong tendency of offspring to resemble their parents |
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Evolution vs. Natural Selection
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Natural selection operates on differences between individual Evolutionary changes measured in population over time. Not the same!: evolution end result, nat selection is 1 mechanism for change over time |
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Types of Natural Selection Stabilizing Selection |
-favors status quo -most selection is stabilizing Ex: Birth weight |
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Types of Selection Directional Selection |
Ex: Avg depth of finch beaks changed after drought |
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Types of Selection Disruptive Selection |
Ex: gamete size |
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Balancing Selection |
-selects for diversity -favors multiple alleles for one trait Ex: MHC (Major histocompatibility Couples) |
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Adaptions
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-are complex b/c of correlated traits -Non-neutral force: it shapes variation in particular way depending on indv fitness under current ecological conditions -function to max reproductive success |
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Neutral Evolution
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change over time in frequency of genes/traits that have no effect on fitness
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Mootoo Kimura (1924-1994)
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Theorized Neutral Selection (mutation, genetic drift, gene flow)
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Neutral Forces Genetic Drift |
-occurs when stochastic processes result in changes in allele frequencies over time |
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Gene Flow |
-increases variation but makes 2 populations simular |
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Neutral Forces Mutation |
-can be neutral, harmful, & (rarely) beneficial -Mutations are the ultimate source of variation and are RANDOM |
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Evolution Misconceptions
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1) evolution does not produce a hierarchy 2) evolution is not goal directed 3) chimpanzees and other primates are not our ancestors |
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Alternates to Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction |
-offspring have 100% of parents genes Ex: walking stick |
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Sexual Reproduction |
Union of 2 gametes & 1 genome -offspring 50% of parents genes |
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Sexual Reproduction
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Ex: yeast |
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Sexual Reproduction
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Ex: Mammals
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Isogamy
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No males or females, just different mating types |
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Anisogamy Hermaphrodite species |
indvs have some reproductive organs of opposite sex. |
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Anisogamy Genochronic (animals) Dioecious (plants) |
indvs of species is either male or female, not both |
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1) Simultaneous Hermaphrodites |
Both male and female @ same time, cannot self fertilize but have both M & F tracts Ex: earth worms, banana slugs |
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Hermaphroditic Species 2) Sequential Hermaphrodites |
Ex: clown fish (protoandrous males --> females) |
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Why have sex? |
Natural Selection favors those that max their genetic legacy
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Robert Traverse
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Parental investment: amount of energy, time & resources that a parent provides into the making & upbringing of their young
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Why are females choosey?
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They have more parental investment with their young, need to make sure male is reproductively successful. |
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Angus Bateman |
Males are more limited in their reproductive success by females, while females are not limited by males Ex: fruit flies |
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Paternal Certainty |
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Monogamy |
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Polygyny
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-most common throughout all species including humans |
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Polyandry |
1F + multiple Ms = low PC |
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Polygamy
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Sexual Dimorphism |
-results from sexual reproduction |
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Red Queen Hypth
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-Host evolves to evade parasite, parasite evolves to catch host. |
