Anth Final Exam 2

Front 1

"slash and burn" is a land clearing technique utilized within which subsistence system?

Back 1

b. horticulture

Front 2

according to elman service, under which level of political organization does a formalization authority structure emerge?

Back 2

c. chiefdom

Front 3

a pristine state

Back 3

c. emerged on its own with no outside influence or contact with other states

Front 4

what statement most accurately describes the living condition of modern-day foraging societies?

Back 4

d. many are dependent upon government subsidies for survival, living in poverty on society's fringes

Front 5

what are the three types of reciprocity?

Back 5

a. general, balanced, and negative

Front 6

the flow of goods to center, then back out is called

Back 6

e. redistribution

Front 7

elman service's division of political organizations includes

Back 7

d. band, tribe, chiefdom, and state

Front 8

morton fried divided political organizations into what three social types?

Back 8

a. egalitarian, ranked, and stratified

Front 9

sponsors of this event give away food, blankets, metals, and other items to gain prestige

Back 9

d. potlach

Front 10

this exchange of items common between closely related people (kin) or close friends:

Back 10

d. generalized reciprocity

Front 11

despite differences due to environmental variation, traditional foraging economies have shared one essential feature:

Back 11

e. their reliance on available natural resourches of their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals

Front 12

which of the following is not a typical or common characteristic of band-level societies?

Back 12

d. permanent village residence

Front 13

which of the following does not occure as you move along the cultivating continuum?

Back 13

b. societies become more egalitarian

Front 14

intensive agriculture

Back 14

d. has significant negative environmental effects such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity

Front 15

economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, most notably kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies except

Back 15

a. industrialized states

Front 16

which of the following statements about political leaders in foraging bands is true?

Back 16

d. they have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions

Front 17

tribal societies (in Elman Service's opinion) which are typically organized by village life and/or membership in descent groups, tend to be relatively egalitarian. however, egalitarianism diminishes

Back 17

b. as village size and population density increase

Front 18

according to lecture, a good example of why we should heed Morton Fried's warning that the concept of "tribe" might be problematic is

Back 18

e. the murder of Conquering Bear by Lieutenant Grattan

Front 19

in the context of ranked societies, what is a "big man"?

Back 19

c. a person who creates his reputation through redistribution and generosity to others

Front 20

a big man's position depends on all the following except

Back 20

b. status inherited from his father

Front 21

the presence and acceptance of which of the following is one of the key distinguishing feature of a state

Back 21

d. pronounced social stratification

Front 22

the influential sociologist Max Weber defined three related dimensions of social stratification. They are

Back 22

A. wealth, power, prestige

Front 23

when compared to other kinds of societies, all of the following are true about forages except

Back 23

d. sexual promiscuity is rampant and severely punished

Front 24

in which type of society would you expect women's status to be highest as compared to men?

Back 24

d. hunters and gatherers

Front 25

gender characteristics and tendencies are not inborn but rather are

Back 25

c. constructed

Front 26

women generally have more power and influence in which type of traditional society?

Back 26

a. foraging groups

Front 27

in which well-known society (discussed in the text and in lecture) were women known to have significant political and power ritual influence?

Back 27

a. iroquois

Front 28

people of native american descent who believe they have more than one gender are known as

Back 28

e. two-spirit people

Front 29

domestic violence tends to be more common in which type of society

Back 29

d. patriarchal

Front 30

recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that

Back 30

e. the relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of domestic-public dichotomy

Front 31

ethnographic evidence has revealed that traditionally, Pawnee women worked wood, and among the Hidatsa women made boats. cases such as these suggest

Back 31

d. patterns of division of labor by gender are culturally general- not universal

Front 32

what does the domestic-public dichotomy refer to? the separation of

Back 32

d. home and the outside owrld

Front 33

research among horticultural societies has found that

Back 33

e. women are the main producers

Front 34

among horticulturalists with matrilineal descent and matrilocality

Back 34

c. female status tends to be high

Front 35

if a patiarchy is a political system ruled by men, what would a matriarchy be- a political system ruled by women? anthropologist peggy sanday, who investigated these questions among the mianagkabau of west sumatra, concluded that

Back 35

d. although matriarchies do exist, they are not mirror images of patrariches because at least for the Minangkabau, both men and women are seen as cooperative partners for the common good.

Front 36

according to lecture, most people in the world are ___ intolerant

Back 36

b. lactose

Front 37

according to your textbook, which of the following statements about human skin color is not true?

Back 37

c. the amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose

Front 38

according to lecture, what is the best definition of racialism?

Back 38

c. an ideology that claims there are biologically fixed races with different moral, intellectual, and physical characteristics that determine individual aptitudes and that some are superior to others

Front 39

!kung women contribute _____ of the total food (by weight) consumed by the traditional !Kung band.

Back 39

d. 60 to 80%

Front 40

the !kung might be said to have an egalitarian social structure. this means that

Back 40

d. most groups decisions are reached through consensus

Front 41

Marjorie Shostack has fond memories of the first time she met Nisa

Back 41

b. false

Front 42

nisa's younger brother

Back 42

d. kumsa

Front 43

after three months in the field, shostak reports that

Back 43

a. the !kung sounds became a little less strange

Front 44

though highly mobile at all times, the !Kung travel mostly

Back 44

d. during the wet season when water is widely available

Front 45

in the !Kung society as described by shostak, how often did women gather on average in a week?

Back 45

d. 2-3 days

Front 46

in!kung society, how does weaning children between the ages of 3 to 5 benefit overall reproductive fitness?

Back 46

d. extended breat feeding of offspring aids in inhibiting ovulation among women, which provides longer, more sustainable birth intervals

Front 47

which of the following statements about purported attempts to assign humans to discrete racial categories based on common ancestory is true? they are

Back 47

e. culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based in biology

Front 48

what is ascribed status? a status that

Back 48

a. people have little or no choice about occupying

Front 49

marjorie shostak's !Kung name

Back 49

d. Hwantla

Front 50

the exclamation point in the word "!Kung" indicates that the word begins with a(n)

Back 50

b. alveolar-palatal pop