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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Paleontology |
Branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants |
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Fossils |
Remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rockpaleoanth |
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Paleoanthropology |
The scientific study of extinct member of the genus homo by means of their fossil remains |
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Archaeology |
The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts |
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Dating method: potassium-argon |
Method of dating rocks from relative proportions of radioactive potassium-40 and its decay product argon-40 |
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Dating method: radiocarbon |
Method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using props of radiocarbon |
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Dating methods: electron-spin resonance |
Used to date newly formed materials like carbonates, tooth enamel, or materials that have been previously heated |
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Dating method: uranium lead dating |
used to date rocks that formed from 1 mill to 4.5 bill ya with routine precision in 0.1-1% range |
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Continental drift |
Gradual movement of the continents across the earths surface through geological time Pangea |
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How did continental drift affect primate evolution? |
Ocean currents affected global temps and as environments change populations become more isolated and can migrate |
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Glacial periods |
Interval of time within an ice age that is marked by colder temps and glacier advantages |
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Interstadial periods |
Warmer climate between glacial periods |
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Climate trends affect on primates |
Epochs delineate signature shifts in fossil species (extinction events) which corresponds with changes in climate temp |
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Gymnosperms |
Seeds are exposed on groupings that form cones; seeds no flowers depended on wind to disperse pollen with needle like leaves |
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Angiosperms |
Flowering plants with seeds within fruits depend on insects and animals to disperse broad leaves |
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How angiosperms affected mammal evolution |
Evolved showy flowers with edible nectars and fruits to attract animals and insects to pollinate them; edible fruits to disperse; animals evolved features for locating: arboreal animals |
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Cretaceous-tertiary boundary (KT) |
65 mya many species of animals and plants abruptly went extinct including dinosaurs could be caused by massive impact thus darkening the globe for several years and temporarily cooled climate |
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Plesiadapiforms |
When dinosaurs went extinct 65 mya these appeared earliest example of carpolestes simpsoni |
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Carpolestes simpsoni |
56 mya small rodent like variant of earlier mammals |
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Primate-like features of carpolestes simpsoni |
Opposable thumbs with flat nails, flattish molars that indicates frugivorous diet, grasping hands and feet |
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Non primate-like features of carpolestes simpsoni |
Eyes on side of head, claws on other digits |
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Eocene primates |
Adapids and omomyids both had full suite of basic primate features: grasping hands and feet with opposable big toes, nails not claws with grasping finger pads, hind limb dominated locomotion, reduced about and dense of smell, larger forward facing eyes, post orbital bar, larger brain relative to body size |
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Hypothesis for suite of primate features: arboreal hypothesis |
Primate features were advantageous for living in trees; grasping hands for holding onto branches, binocular vision for depth perception, reduced smell; brain became complex to deal with balance and complex navigation in branches |
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Hypothesis for suite of primate features: visual predation hypothesis |
Primate characteristics were favored because they helped in catching insect prey, stereoscopic vision to locate prey |
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Hypothesis for suite of primate features: leaping hypothesis |
Primate characteristics favored because they helped in leaping locomotion hindlimb dominated to launch leaps grasping hands and feet for secure landings stereo vision an larger brains to estimate distances and adjust leaps to reach good landing spots |
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Hypothesis for suite of primate features: diet shift hypothesis |
Early proto primates focused on insects with increasing radiation of angiosperms selection favored traits that helped primates exploit more varied food sources |
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Hypothesis for suite of primate features: two step hypothesis |
Basic primate traits did it evolve altogether instead evolved in two steps for different reasons: 1st some mammals evolved to eat fruits at end of branches later expanded by hunting insects found around fruits; stereo vision and larger brain and snout and improved vision |
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Terminal branch diet |
Eating fruits, flowers, and nectars located at the ends of angiosperm branches |
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How do carpolestes simpsoni suggests which primate suite theory is correct |
2-step plesiadapiforms evolved grasping hands and feet and ate fruits early primates added steep vision and many developed teeth more suited to eating insects |
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What the first haplorrhine primates were like in the oligocene (aegyptopithecus) |
33 mya, post orbital bar and plate, moderate sized eyes (diurnal), jaw/snout sticks forward, quadrupedal posture, brain to body ratio still low, arboreal, 13 lbs, large wide protruding incisors, sturdy canines (frugivores), extreme sexual dimorphism |
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Foramen magnum |
Opening for spinal cord back of head or underneath indicated bipedal vs quadrupedal postures |
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Why is fossil record so incomplete |
Only few remains have been found of all the species that exist are preserved as fossils it is unlikely that we found 1st or last of all species and we only have about 3% of all primates |
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What early hominoids (apes) were like |
Relatively larger bodies and brains, no tails, more complex behaviors, forest dwellers, more/less arboreal, suspensory locomotion |
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Suspensory locomotion |
Hang below branches by arms grasping with all four extremities |
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Proconsul |
Lived in tropical rainforests, fairly large 33-110 lbs, slightly larger brain to body ratio, equal sized limbs, quadrupedal, quadrumanual, no tail, frugivorous |
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Miocene radiation of hominoids |
15-10 mya hominoids split into many different lines with different species adapting to many different niches as a possible result of climate change, continental drift |
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Suspensory locomotion |
Arms longer than legs, lower back, shorter, less flexible, wide chest, scapulae on back, arms stick out sideways, greater mobility of shoulders, wrists, and elbows, no tail |
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Diet change of Miocene apes |
General trend towards more chewing eating harder or more fibrous foods in response to drying more seasonal climate |
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U shaped dental arcade |
Typical of apes shape made by rows of teeth in upper jaws humans tend to have v shaped |
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Zygomatic arch |
Cheekbone bone to which the masseter muscle connects |
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Masseter muscle |
Smaller of two main muscles that close the jaw |
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Mandible |
Lower jaw |
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Temporal muscle |
Larger of two main muscles that close jaw |
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Maxilla |
Upper jaw |
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Hominin |
Bipedal apes like hominoids that are bipedal |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
7-6 mya 1st suspected hominin apelike with chimp sized brain foramen magnum more vertical and upright for bipedalism |
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Ororin tugenesis |
6.1-5.2 mya late Miocene apes head of femur large and one long finger bone |
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Ardipithecus ardi |
4.4 mya ape with chimp sized brain ape like teeth u shaped bigger molars bipedal arboreal short palms and fingers lived in wooded areas reduced sexual dimorphism reduced canines in both sexes |
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Australopithecus |
4.2 mya southern ape |
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Australopithecine |
Me never of genus Australopithecus bipedal 3-4.5 ft chimp sized brains back teeth grinding high sexual dimorphism |
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Australopithecus anamensis |
4.2-3.9 mya earliest australopithecine |
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Australopithecus afarensis |
3.6-3.0 mya bipedal chimp small brain face below the nose slopes forward front teeth reduced larger back teeth reduced canines reduced diastema bipedal |
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Diastema |
Space between upper incisors and and canine to leave room for lower canine to fit in |
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Lucy |
Australopithecus afarensis 1st complete specimen adult female 3'3" 60 lbs signs of well developed bipedal locomotion |
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1st family |
13 more afarensis in single spot maybe part or all of a group killed all together by the same natural disaster |
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Laetoli footprints |
Footprints that proved bipedalism 3.5 mya volcano erupted and covered ground with ash one or 2 adults and a juvenile walked across ash just as light rain fell made possibly by kenyanthropus |
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Prognathic |
Face below nose slopes forward |
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Cranial capacity |
Measure of volume of interior of cranium |
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Sagittal crest |
Attachment of big temporal muscles that meet at the top of the head |
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Kenyanthropus platypos |
Lineage that led to this probably split from the same one that led to afarensis long before and existed at the same time bipedal |
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Dikkia |
Earliest evidence so far of use of stone tools 3.4 mya cut marked animal bones |
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Lomekwi |
Found near kenyanthropus platypos actual flaked stone tools |
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Gona |
Cutmarked bones found with au gahn and tools grime nearby same as oldowan tool industry |
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Pilo Pleistocene |
3.0-1.0 mya late Pliocene beginning of Pleistocene |
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Au africanus |
Growth rings in enamel suggests short rapid juvenile development still have marked sexual dimorphism in body size |
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H. Rudolfensis main feature |
Considerably larger brain |
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H. Habilis main feature |
More human like teeth and rounded human like cranium |
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P. Robustus |
Wear on animal bones suggests they used large splinters of animal bones to dig into any hills |
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Australopithecus amt found |
5 species 2-3 at one time |
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Paranthropus amt found |
3 species 2 at one time |
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Our species evolved from pilo Pleistocene hominins |
Bipedal, fair amt of tree time, grinding molars and reduced canines, sexual dimorphism in body size, chimp sized brain, short rapid juvenile development, ate meat |
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Paranthropines |
2.5-1.0 mya like australopithecine from neck down, small bipedal bodies, adapted extreme heavy chewing |
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Oldowan tools (mode 1) |
Rounded cobbles that have had flakes broken off |
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Core tools |
Oldowan tools with flake scars from removing just a few flakes sometimes up to 30 or more leaving the cobbles with sharp edges useful for cutting or pounding |
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Spheroids/hammerstones |
Used to break off the flakes |
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Use of oldowan tools |
Used to hunt or break into raw meat and shape wood |
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Homo naledi |
One of 3 of 1st known species of homo |
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Features of homo |
Slightly larger brains for body size, slower longer juvenile development, modern sized bodies, modern like minimal sexual dimorphism |
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Life history strategies: short/fast |
Have lots of kids fast in short amount of time a lot die |
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Life history strategies: long/slow |
Have kids slowly take a long time for each to grow fewer die |
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foraging in relation to long slow large life history strategy Evolution of homo |
Getting food takes complex behavior they would need better ability to learn and better memory so needed a larger brain meaning they would need longer juvenile period in order to mature that brain; bodies that take longer to mature last longer and are larger |
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Sexual division of labor Evolution of homo |
Complex behavior requires those to be specialized in certain things; easier for males and females share food because females with infants can't hunt so become gatherers and vice versa |
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Sharing Evolution of homo |
With infants and young adults: when you kill large high quality food it will go bad if you do not share |
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Male-male competition reason for not being present Evolution of homo |
Not needed because it would effect sharing and it's costly to have extra body size |
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Concealed ovulation Evolution of homo |
Reason for life mating male stays interested in same female to ensure reproductive success |
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Reason for social groups Evolution of homo |
Those living in groups would be more successful with sharing |
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Climactic reasons Evolution of homo |
World getting colder and seasonal would need to add more kinds of food to their diet |
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Were oldowan tool makers hunterers or gatherers |
Might have done both evidence of cut marks on bones first they go for meaty limbs then second rate meat that carnivores tend to leave behind could've scavenged these |
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Cut marks over tooth marks |
Suggest hominins cut up remains after carnivores left |
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Teeth marks over cut marks |
Suggest that hominins scavenged meat that hunters left behind |
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Oldowan home bases |
Something like a campsite to cut up share and eat meat and possibly socialize |
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Occipital torus |
Thickening of bone in an arc around lower back of cranium, strengthens back of cranium neck muscles |
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Bone weathering |
Bones exposed to elements while others were not which shows carcasses were brought up repeatedly |
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Tool or stone caches |
Cached small piles of tools when they killed they would take carcasses to nearest tool cache to be butchered |
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Characteristics of H. Ergaster |
1.8-.6 mya slow long large life history strategy hunted game controlled fires mode 2 tools low forehead cranium pinches behind eyes vertical smaller face smaller teeth projecting human like nose occipital torus huge brow ridges larger but not compared to body size bipedal modern size |
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H. Ergaster speech |
Didn't have opening in neck and upper back which nerves fill in order to have control of breathing: this is needed for modern speech |
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Mode 2 tools acheulean |
Bifaces flakes removed from both sides of cutting edge in order to shape edge as desired specific shapes with perceived plan in mind able to visualize shape could be cultural due to learned behavior |
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Hand axe |
Teardrop shaped flattish form sharpish edge all around |
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Cleaver |
Similar but broken across narrow end and shaped to have fairly straight edge crosswise to long axis of tool |
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Pick |
Similar to handaxe but narrower thicker and longer |
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Did homo ergaster eat meat |
Ate meat and hunted game there is evidence that they controlled fire |
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H. Erectus |
1.6-.03 mya found in Asia oldowan tool use much like h. Erg clearly our ancestor could handle cold |
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Home ergaster |
Europe 1.8-.6 mya |
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H. Erg vs erect |
Probably early branch from same lineage erectus probably descended from early h erg that left Africa erectus didn't have mental capacity to make mode 2 tools or didn't need to ergaster are our ancestors erectus was not |
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H. Heidelbergensis |
.8-.5 mya bigger brains higher rounder brain case thick cranial bones massive brow ridges heavy projected prognathic no chin robust bodies Africa and Europe mode 2 tools |
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Mode 3 tools levallois style |
Step 1: shape core by flaking, preparing specific spot to strike a flake off 2: strike off flake which is the tool 3: reshape same surface of core in prep for making next flake 4: strike off another flake tool prep core in order to make desired flake you can get more good useable flakes per lb of cutting stone more cutting edge per lb mounted in handles spears arrows harpoons and knives |
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Evidence of hunting evidence |
On island of jersey mammoth and rhino bones too big not to be killed by homos cut up with stone tools and stacked up by type |
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Hafting |
Adding a handle to a blade axe head or spearhead |
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H. Florensis |
300,000-50,000 ya Flores, Indonesia tiny bodies and heads 3' tall small brains mode 4 tools small because of insular dwarfism |
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Insular dwarfism |
Predators go extinct and remaining animals experience little selection for larger size |
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Neanderthals |
127,000 ya Europe large brains bigger bodies large heavy built face pulled forward low forehead massive brow ridges huge beaky nose receding chin large incisors muscular short extremities all because adapted to colder climate |
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Neanderthals living |
Hunted larger game lived in caves didn't decorate tools didn't build shelters died young survived multiple injuries cared for old and sick lots of injures that healed buried there dead indicating they understood death |
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Homo sapiens vs Neanderthals |
Homo sapiens essentially replaced Neanderthals and coexisted but did not interbreed out competed or drove them to extinction |
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Dispersal of h. sapiens and Neanderthals |
50,000 ya h. sap and Neanderthals spread out of Africa and went to Middle East and Europe all others went extinct 30,000 ya except h. sapiens they left in Africa Europe and Asia |
