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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ontogeny
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Growth and development reflects the series of changes by which an individual embryo becomes a mature organism
-change in siz shape and structure -addition loss and substitution of materials -includes effects of aging and senescence |
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Human Auxology
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the study of human physical growth and development
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Greulich and Pyle Hand Againg
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forensic anthro, way to chart age by the bone growth and fusion in the hand
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Comparative Method
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Using other living species to illuminate fuction (think bio 212)
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Body Fat peaks at 6 months
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parents begin weening the child, solitude is more present, babies starts using the fat storage to develop brain
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Secular Trend
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change over generational time
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stature
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increase in nearly all human populations in last century
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Developmental Plasticity is pronounced in humans
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nutrition, exposure to infectious disease, physical environment, social environment and child rearing practices
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Medical Perspective on Human Growth and Development
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individual children in clinical context
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Social perspective
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public health groups of children
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Mesopotamia view (3500 years ago)
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-variation in HGD recorded birth weight and defects
-links between hight, social status and health (positive correlation) |
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Egyptians, Greeks and Romans
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lifestyle and HGD links -> diet, activity and education
goals to breed the most physically fit |
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Middle Ages
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shift shown in art:
children were more like mini adults, given scaled down adult body proportions, given adult responsibilities early on |
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Renaissance
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14th-16th Centuries
-> rediscovery of greek and roman approach -roots of modern scientific approach, humans are part of nature and change with nature -> Passionate pursuit of the scientific study of the human body |
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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anatomical studies including accurate drawing of a fetus (vs. homunculus - "little man")
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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
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flemish anatomist, On the workings of the human body
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Bergmuller's Anthrometria (1723)
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depicted childrens growth over life time span
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Comparative Anatomy
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Edward Tyson (1699): saw the similarity between chimp anatomy and human anatomy -> between species -> common ancestry
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Studying Children Growth
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Christian Jampert (1758) study boys height (looking at correlation between height and light?)
-Good Quality measurement procedures - didn't see individual patterns of growth -> sampling issue |
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George LeClerc de Buffon
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First longitudinal growth study, used his son Montbeillard from birth to 18years old measuring every 6 months
-> continuous gain in height, usually ends around 18-19, skeletal growth ends around 25 -> Seasonal Variation in height present (accelerated in the summer months, decelerated in the winter months) -> Taller in the morning than in the afternoon (fluctuation) |
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height velocity
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Looking at the height gained per year, distinct stages:
infancy(rapid) childhood(steady) adolescence (rapid) approaching adulthood (very slow) |
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Karl Ernst von Baer
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-Founder of embryology
described cellular fertilizationa nd embryonic development: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm -> Comparative Embryonology recognizing the similarities in embryos of all vertebrates, shared ancestry |
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Auxiological Epidemiology
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the study of the distribution of patterns of human growth in relation to environmental factors
monitoring groups of children rather than indvls in order to change social conditions through public health measures and political reform -> pointed out the differences in conditions between classes (lower class had poor conditions meaning improper growth) -housing, work and social conditions as variables |
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Franz Boas
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"Father of American Anthropology"
-recognized variation in tempo of growth -developed american standard of growth using 90,000 children 5-18 -incorporated other studies: critical of cross sectional data - looked at adult height and timing of growth spurts -> no difference between early and late - developmental plasticity (see card) |
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Longitudinal
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Repeated measurements of same individuals at different ages
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Cross Sectional
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Single set of measurements taken once on subjects of different ages
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Francis Galton
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"Eugenics": attempted improvement of the human species through controlled selective breeding
American Eugenics Movement -> Sterilization of those not deemed fit to reproduce racist |
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Samuel Morton
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thought white caucasian males have larger head and are therefor smarter
corrupt, flawed data |
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Migration Study Design
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european born immigrants vs american born children
-measurements focus on environment -critique on race concept but still US anti immigration movement |
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Margaret Mead
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Study development of sexual identity and adolescent behavior among Somoans.
-> sexuality as purely culturally constructed |
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Developmental Plasticity (Boas)
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recognized secular trend, change over generational time as results of proximate environmental factors ignoring genetic changes
Secular trends can be positive or negative |
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World Bank: Economics and HGD
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height as a proxy for well being, criterion for economic need
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Robert Fogel
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Uses data from African American slave children and shows the impact on adverse social conditions and health
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Phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a species of higher taxonomic group
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Ontogeny
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ernst haeckel,
each successive developmental stage represents one of the adult forms that appeared in evolutionary history |
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Stephen Jay Gould
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Ontogeny as an evolutionary trait acted on by natural selection
importance of heterochrony in evolutionary change |
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Heterochrony
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Neoteny: slowdown of the developmental rates resulting in retention of juvenile stage into adult stage (Mickey Mouse, Betty Boop -> juvinile is more desireable)
Hypermorhposis: prolongation of the time of development of a feature in a descendant so that he descendant has features that are hypermature compared to the ancestor |
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Mammals
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mammals have expensive lives, need lots of energy and consumption
can inhabit many different environment types, flexible |
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Dietary Adaptations
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heterodont detntion
must meet relatively high continuous energy demands |
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Locomotor Adaptations
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more dependance on an active life
epipheseal fusion bone romodeling |
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Unique Reproductive Biology
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high reproductive costs: placenta maternal nourishment, lactation high quality nutrition to poorly developed toothless infant
-> increased mother infant connection and bonding interaction important relationship = social creatures |
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Sexual Dimorphism
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typically divergence in male and female anatomy, physiology and behavior
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Z-Score
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Indicates how many standard deviations a value is above or below the mean
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Stunting
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Assessed by height for age index
does not indicate past nutrition or health risks in the future |
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Wasting
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Assessed by weight for height index
indicates present nutritional status and is associated with higher risk of disease and death |
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Hormonal Regulation (Ovarian)
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Menstral Phase (5days), Follicular Phase(9days), Luteal Phase (13 days)
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Ovulation
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2 weeks after last period, growth of follicles containing oocyte
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Capacitation
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conditioning of the sperm, altered sperm Cap
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LOOK AT BIO 212 FERTILIZATION NOTES
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LOOK AT BIO 212 FERTILIZATION NOTES
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Monozygotic Twins
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identical twins, ovum divides into two identical zygotes, random, always same sex and genetically identical
not hereditary |
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Dizygotic Twins
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Fraternal twins, two oocytes are fertilized by two different sperm, genetically no more similar than other siblings, can be same or different
Can be hereditary, determined by maternal lineage |
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Conceptus
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Zygote->Morula-> Blastocyst
weeks 0-2 |
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Embryo
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weeks 3-8
formation of body plan and major organ systems |
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Fetal
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9-38 weeks
resembles human growth in size |
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post fetal
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growth
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Trimesters
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weeks 1-12
weeks 13-27 weeks 28-40 variation of menstruation to fertilization |
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Trophoblast
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outer layer of blastocyst, produces hCG, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
prevents menstration during pregnancy |
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Corpus Luteum
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Temporary endocrine structure derived from follicle
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hCG
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produced by the fetus, low = something wrong->miscarriage
-tests viability of embryo |
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Birth Weight
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trade off between maternal conditiona nd offspring size
-> lower would reduce probability of offspring servival, increased maternal condition -> higher birth weight, increased probability of offspring survival, increased adverse maternal conditions, higher IQ in heavier twins tho |
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NVP
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protects mothers and developming embryos from dietary mutagens and pathogens that could cause malformation or spontaneous abortion
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1st trimester energetics
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minimal demand, weight gain occurs in mother
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2nd trimester energetics
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growing fetus as more of a metabolic load
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Nutritional Needs
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more focus on energy instead of specifics
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Fetal Fat Gain
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1% by 24 weeks
11-16% by week 40 most energy in a late pregnancy goes to baby fat up until 6 months after birth to 25% (PEAK) |
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Birth Defects/Congenital Malformations
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most suseptable during first trimester (environmental factors)
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Teratogen
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agent capable of disrupting normal development of an embryo or fetus: pregancy complications, miscarriage or birth defects
timing is biggest effect |
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Psychosocial Stress
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decreased conception rate
-increased risk of miscarriage |
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Anencephaly (no head)
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failure for the head end of the neural tube to close.
->fetus who lacks a major portion of the brain, forehead, scalp and skull (occurs between 23-26th day) |
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Spina Bifida
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Condition where neural tube does not completely form aroudn the spinal cord. Mild to Severe and can be associated with loss of bladder and bowel function, paralysis and sometimes death.
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Cleft Lip/Palate
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occurs early in fetal development, gap in the tissues of the mouth or lip, easily fixed with surgery
-if not fixed baby can starve and die |
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Club Foot
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structural defect to the foot the top is where the bottom should be
easily fixed (developmental plasticity) |
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Fetus in Fetus
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fetus within a fetus, one fetus is absorbed by its twin like a tumor
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Bloody Show
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sign that labor is hours or days away
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Labor Stages
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1st stage: Dilation and thinning of cervix, more frequent contractions
2nd Stage: Pushing and Birth Stage, up to 50 minutes, gets easier after first child, mother feels natural urge to push 3rd Stage: Expulsion of the placenta within 5-10 minutes of the birth |
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Parturition
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Timing of Birth
-> used to be thought to be determined by mother |
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Postnatal Nutrition
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every 100 calories a woman takes in 90 calories go to infant
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Timing of Birth
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The Obstetric Dilemma: evolutionary baggage, Karen Rosenburg, evolved to be bipedal defining hominids, creates different pelvis with smaller birth canal, secondary altriciality - born developmentally young
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Obligate Midwifery
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assisted childbirth required in humans
need health and social support |
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Potential "Solutions"
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Smaller brain size of fetus at birth
-> shorter gestation period? CONSTRAINED or Larger maternal pelvis -> already really big, less curved sacrum? more ounded birth canal? |
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Apgar Score
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test of newborns physical conditionat 1 min and 5 min to assess need for medical intervention
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preterm delivery
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under 37 weeks
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low birth weight
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anything under 2500 grams at birth
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Cranial Deformation
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malformation of the skull that results from intentional or unintentional pressures applied to infant skull
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Synaptogenesis
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dendritic growth in neurons after birth (no more are made)
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Synaptic Pruning
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rapid pruning of electrically inactive synapses (at around 1-2 years old)
use it or lose it |
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Myelination
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coating the nerve fibers with a fatty substance (myelin) that seres as an electrical insulator
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Colostrum
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breasts produce yellowish liquid during the first few days after birth: high in protein and low in fat and sugar, lots of immune value, helps establish bacterial gut flora and growth in gut maturation
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Kwashiorkor
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inadequate intake of protein that often occurs at weaning its fluid swelling of the stomach
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Marasmus
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severe malnutrition resulting from diet in all essential nutrients
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Juvenile
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age 7-10 or 12 puberty
independent cognitively advanced enough to survive on their own, can make logical inferences and increased ability to recognize cause and effect relationships and less egocentric Concrete Operational stage: less able to deal with hypothetical tasks lots of social learning |
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Juvenile Growth
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stable, slowest rate of growth since birth
stable and predictable growth |
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Adolescence
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growth rate declines
sexual maturity secondary sexual characteristics -transition from independent subadult to fully functional adult Menarche in females begins |
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Puberty
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"to grow hairy" in latin
onset of adult reproductive capacity Gonadarche |
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Gonadarche
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reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis which regulates sexual development and function -> regs sex hormones
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Puberty Initiation
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activation of hypothalamus: releases Gonadotropin - Releasing - Hormone (GnRH) its the growth hormone so it is always being released but more frequently at the stage and stimulates pituitary gland to release hormones as well
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HPT Axis
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Testicular: steroid hormone produced by testes: Testosterone
Ovarian: steroid hormones produced by ovaries (Estradiol & Progesterone)-> produce oocyte |
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Estradiol
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Endometrial proliferation and secondary sexual characteristics also pelvic deveolpment and boobs
(Progesterone maintains endometrium) |
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Puberty in Females
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pubic hair
AGS menarche when done growing: resources that produce growth can now focus on being reproductively effective about 12 or 13 in US and Euro populations, variability internationally by life resources |
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Adolescent Growth Spurt (AGS)
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dramatic growth of most body measures
long bone lenght vertebrae facial bones change heart & lungs expand rate is asymmetrical: slow ascent and rapid halt |
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Brain Development
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Size doesnt change but content does
neuron to neuron processing is increased: better memory ability and concentration, better self control |
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Emergence of Sex Difference
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body fat: women increase adiposity at 8 yeasr old and then reach a peak during puberty, men have late weight gain
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Tempo of Growth
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mostly controlled by genes and then environment flexibility
same with speed of growth |
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Frisch
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Fat accumulation hypothesis
women must have a minimum % of body fat for menstration to begin -> actually has to do with HPG axis maturation |
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Tanner Ellison skeletal maturaity hypoth
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appropriate age of skeletal deveolopment to reproduce
close correlation between menarche and attainment of adult pelvic dimension coordination to ensure successful reproduction weight accounts for 18% height 50% of variance in age of menarche pelvic size doesnt reach adult until 17-18 birthing issues increase <17 years old |
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Subfecundity
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unable to get pregnant, "sterility"
55-85% of menstrual cycles are ANOVULATORY for first two years |
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Chromosomes
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Autosomes & 23 Sex Chromosomes
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Turner Syndrome
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Monosomy, only an X chromosome, no ovaries function, webbed neck, drooping lids, broad flat chest
concurrent health problems: heart disease, hypothyroidism, diabetes, vision problems 1/3000 births treats GH to increase height |
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Klinfelter Syndrome
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Trisomy, extra X chormosome
XXY: disjunction in the sperm or egg with two xs and a y 1/650 males males grow breasts, small testes, infertile, treatments testosterone to grow body hair and improve muscle appearance |
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Edward Syndrome
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Trisomy: third copy of chromosome 18, affects all biological systems and causes distinct facial features: dont survive long, clenched fist, seizures, small head/eyes, heart abnormalities kidney malfomations and other organ disorders
1/3000 live births, most die before birth. |
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Down Syndrome
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Trisomy (autosome) extra copy of chromosome 21
impaired physical and cognitive development small chin round face protruding oversized tongue poor muscle tone cognitive impairment neotenization of the brain and body to fetal state mothers over age 45 1/19 risk fathers over 42 increased risk 1/733 births |
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Prader Willi Syndrome
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missing portion of chrom 15 from father that results in voracious appetite and lack of full snesation after eating. -> Obesity
often when born SGA, kicks in around adolescence decreased muscle tone, failure to grow impaired mental capacity and gonad disfunction: little to no sex hormones slower metabolism, chronically hungry Growth Therapy: HGH and Behavioral Therapy: teaching them how to eat |
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Tay Sachs
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rare terminal heritable disease of nervous system
mutation on chrom 15, body lacks a protein necessary to break down a chemical in nerve tissue called gangliosides (build nerve cells) symptoms appear at 6 months infant becomes blind, deaf, unable to swallow, life expectancy 4 years old most common among Ashkenazi Jews (some Cajuns too) -> Founder Effect Hypoth |
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Founder Effect
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Few indiciduals from a larger pop establish a new pop increasing frequency of certain genes and mutation in the new group
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Proteus Syndrome
"Elephant Man Condition" |
mutation on chrom 16
overgrowth of skin bones muscled fatty tissues and blood and lymphatic vessels Cells divide and expand unchecked resulting in benine tumorous growths throughout body-> Severe disfiguring average or above average intelligence |
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Primordial Dwarfism
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rare genetic mutation: born SGA and have intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) <3lbs at birth
disruption in utero, lack of O2 growth stays slow after birth, <2.5 feet tall head growth is even slower than body "microencephaly" high voices, prominent nose and eyes, scoliosis |
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Bone Growth Disorders
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organic protein collagen & inorganic mineral calcium phosphate
changes in response to activity, growth, lifestyle |
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Osteoblasts
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cells respnsible for bone formation
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Osteoclasts
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cells responsible for bone removal
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Osteogenesis Imperfecta
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literally imperfect formation of bone, brittle bone syndrome- glass man in unbreakable, lack of collagen strengthening the bone(cement of bone)
-> Blue eyes in the white part |
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Achondroplasia Dwarfism
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literally: without cartilage formation
genetic condition effects long bone growth and nasal bridge sporadic mutation in DNA avg 4ft2in height and large head megalencephaly, sleep apnea from small nose 1/15,000-40,000 birhts associated with fathers age |
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Osteopetrosis
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bones like rocks
disorder in osteoclasts that results in denser bones abnormally dense skull impinges on cranial nerves: vision hearing loss and facial paralysis long bones continue to grow and grow into marrow cavity where white blood cells are stored-> children die from infections |
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Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)
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rare mutation affecting body's ability to repair tissue when damaged
bruise and sprains cause new bones are formed instead of muscles tendons and ligaments overproduction of osteoblasts no way to treat this because anything will cause bone growth mutation |
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Endocrine Disorders
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3 types: Hyposecretion, Hypersecretion, tumors of endocrine glands:
Glands: pineal, thymus, adrenal, gonads, pancreas, thyroid, pituitary |
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pineal
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melatonin prod reg wake and sleep
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thymus
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immune system
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adrenal
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stress hormones cotisol and androgens
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gonads
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sex hormones
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thyroid
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metabolism, energy
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pituitary
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master gland, regulates secretion of hormones throughout the body involved in controlling various somatic processes
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Precocious Pubery
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development of secondary sex characteristics before age 8
genetic problem or tumors stop growing earlier, shorter psychosocial issues girl could conceive earlier than she should, youngest mother 5 years old, started menstrual cycles at 8months later normal function treatment inhibit release of sex hormones or tumor |
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Growth Hormone Deficiency (GH)
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dwarfism
hypopituitary disorder, can come from lack of O2 in utero, genetic mutation, pituitary gland disease, brain and liver tumors look young for whole life, adult in child body normal life span Gary Coleman, Andy Milonakis slower muscle devel, moderate chubiness, cherubic facial features, masillary hypoplasia, forehead prominence GH injections women birth Csection |
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Growth Hormone Excess
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gigantism, acromegaly(mutation, tumor pit gland)
andre the giant over production of GH before epiphyses closes or after they close gap in between teeth, jaw outgrows teeth, |
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Cushing Syndrome
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overproduction of cortisol by adrenal gland, TUMORS in pit gland or adrenal
cortisol stimulates glucose production, fat pronounced fat, excess hair growth, acne, easy bruising, high blood pressure common response to corticosteroid medication (Prednisone) treatin asthma and rheumatoid arthritis |
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Thyroid Gland
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largest endocrine gland
regs metabolism, sensitivity to other hormones Thyroid uses iodine to make thyroid hormone |
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Hypothyroidism
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thyroid gland fails to make enough thyroid hormone, slow down metabolism, weight gain, sensitivity to cold.
mother has under secretion: Cretinism in infants: severe physical and developmental stunting |
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Hyperthyroidism
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Goiters in both hyper and hypo
thyroid gland overproduces thyroid hormone swelling of eyes too much iodine major weight loss, anxiety, hair loss, intolerance to heat, fatigue, weakness, muscle aches, intellectual disability infants: lack of appetite, jaundice and stunted growth |
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Assessing Deveolpomental Disruption in the Skeletal Record
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Skeletal markers in disruption of growth
Enamel Harris Lines Cribra Orbitalia and Porotic Hyperostosis |
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Skeletal markers in disruption of growth
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length of long bones in relation to population,
cortical bone maintenance: patterns of growth, thicknes, cross section, nutitional status and activity patterns, look at deficiencies, malnutrition |
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Linear Enamel Hypoplasias (LEH)
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lines, pits or grooves on the enamel indicating a severe disruption during development
proxy for health in living pops and skeletal pops: economic development # of lines and size of the line indicate quantity and duration of insult, respectively |
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Harris Lines
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estimating based on growth lines on long bones
cross sections of bones |
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Cribra Orbitalia and Porotic Hyperostosis
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indicates iron deficiency anemia
iron binds o2 to red blood cells, marrow cavities expand, makes bones thinner, porous like consistency high pathogen exposure nutritional stress |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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>50% of women and children in developing countries, females more susceptible: PREGNANCY
infants over 6months if weaning foods are inadequate in iron Maize Agriculture: corn, weat, inhibit ability to absorb iron Iron: meat, beans, spinach low birth weight, fetal death decreased resistance to infections |
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What drives neuron migration and how do the neurons know where to go?
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Neurons migrate along glial cells, or supporting cells. Young neurons have an idea about where they are
migrating to and can recognize their future position in the brain. By the time a neuron begins its migration it has already received instructions about what to become. These are genetically predetermined instructions about what its position will be |
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How does brain wiring occur? Why is the period of infancy and early childhood often called
the “exuberant” period of brain development |
Early in fetal development, neurons reach out to each other and connect via synapses. This process of
brain wiring follows a specified genetic blueprint which ensures that connections are made between appropriate neurons and that these connections are working properly. Billions of connections are made during infancy and early childhood and this overproduction of connections is referred to as the “exuberant” period of brain development. If connections are being used, they will be maintained. If they are not used, those connections are lost |
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How does premature birth affect brain development and cognitive functioning
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The brain is faced with more challenges outside the womb than inside because the bodily functions of
the neonate (e.g., digestion, respiration) are no longer performed by the mother. Furthermore, the brain, which regulates these critical functions, is not as developed to the extent that it should be. As a result, premature babies will be hypersensitive and more easily stimulated. When they grow up, these infants will have trouble planning, prioritizing, paying attention, and imposing structure. |
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According to the video, what can be done for premature babies to help minimize future
cognitive problems? |
One way to help minimize cognitive problems is to reduce the noise of the intensive care unit and create
a carefully controlled environment tuned to the needs of the premature baby; this will help the baby better manage the world around them as they grow. This controlled environment would emulate the womb, be quiet and dark, and the mother would be encouraged to have as much skin-to-skin contact with the baby. This is the opposite of treatment most premature babies have in a standard hospital setting |
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What do Dr. Mriganka Sur’s studies of the ferret tell us about brain plasticity and the
interaction of “nature” and “nurture” in brain development? |
In a series of experiments, Dr. Sur rewired the brains of newborn ferrets and hooked up the visual
cortex to the auditory cortex. Sur’s study posed the question: If the visual inputs of the eye are redirected to the auditory cortex, would the hearing cortex become like a visual cortex? If the hearing cortex does not become like the visual cortex, then this suggests that “nature,” or the genetic endowment, is important to brain development. That is, brain wiring is genetically predisposed and there is little that can change the connectivity established in fetal life. If the hearing cortex does become like the visual cortex, then the external inputs, or “nurture” components, are important; the animal, then, would see from its auditory cortex. Sur’s studies demonstrate hat environment shapes the brain but can’t completely change genetic destiny. Genes do impose some structure on how the brain develops but these are further influenced by the environment that the brain is developing in. |
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How do structural problems in the eye (e.g., cataracts) in newborns affect brain development?
Are there permanent consequences if these defects are repaired? |
If a baby has cataracts, the visual images that are important for the brain to develop its vision are not
entering the eye. The brain will not get the opportunity to experience vision and go through its normal development. Because the infant’s brain is still being wired, limited visual stimulus will mean that the baby could lose that connection (i.e., use it or lose it). Even one or two months of missing visual stimulus can have permanent effects on how the brain is wired. With cataracts, the good eye must be covered to strengthen the weak eye for a number of years following surgery. However, visually, even within a short period after surgery, the baby can see as well as a normal newborn. Vision improves quickly in babies who have had cataracts removed. |
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What factor determines the sex of a baby?
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Determined by the father, 23rd pair of chromosome → Mother only gives a type X but Father can give an X or a Y
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Which organ is the first to form during embryological development? What is the function of this organ in the embryo?
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The Heart, set the beat of all the cells to contract and relax, pumping the blood and delivering food and oxygen to all the cells
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At what point during development does the embryo begin to resemble a human? Why does this period represent a milestone for the fetus?
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8 weeks, embryo is now known as a human. Until now the embryo was dependant on the nutrients from the yoke sack, by 2 months the yoke sack goes away and the placenta begins to provide food and nutrients and filters waste, connected by the umbilical chord. Fetus life support, takes stuff from the mothers blood stream
-placenta also produces hormones (progesterone: stops production of more eggs) some cause morning sickness and an adverse to potentially harmful foods |
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What information regarding fetal growth can an obstetrician gain from 4-D scans?
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They can look at how the fetus grows, behaves and reacts to stimulus. Looks at the fetus in real time, helpful for checking health of baby and seeing if there are multiple babies
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What is the significance of the stepping reflex in the growing fetus?
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Start after just 11 weeks in the womb, babies kicking and pushing out legs, reflex actions/biological impulse, nervous system is working, Fetus can bounce and leap around like in a trampoline, the more this happens the more the baby develops walking abilities→ can be seen in newborns when legs are dangling
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Why are miscarriages most likely to occur during the first three months of fetal development?
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New cells developing imbalance of hormones stress or previously given births to a boy
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What is meant by proprioception and when is this ability developed?
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Unconscious sense of bodies and space that helps the baby understand its place in environment
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What developmental landmarks can be expected in a 6 month-old fetus?
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Senses organs begin to function: now can respond to touch and smell and sight and sound and taste causing the brain to have to learn to interpret these sensations
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What is a 3-month old fetus’ most developed sense?
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Hearing
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In addition to swallowing, describe another reflex that is critical for survival after birth and has been observed in utero.
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Startled reflex to louder sounds and stimuli, adaptive to when we were hunted?
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How can a mother’s emotional state influence the physiology of her gestating infant?
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If the mother is calm her blood pressure goes down and heart rate slows, passes through the placenta to the baby, mother is in recovery from stress while baby is feeling the effects -> Can lead to low birth rate or long term can be passed on and cause health problems like heart disease and mental issues later on in life
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According to the film, what determines the timing of birth? What is the function of oxytocin during delivery?
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Initiates the contractions of the uterine wall. Also helps the mom forget the pain of labor and bond with baby
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What is the function of adrenaline during the birthing process?
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To keep the babies heart pumping fast enough, also helps prepare the lungs for the lifetime of work
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Adulthood
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attainment of full reproductive maturity, bio and social demensions
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Elderly
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Over 65 years old
fastest segment of the population of the US and most developed nations decreased childhood mortality |
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Scenescence
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biological decline in function, leads to reduced ability to deal with environmental stressors
Decreased ability to maintain homeostasis in the face of environmental challenges age is based on the passage of time must be: cumulative, universal, progressive, intrinsic, deleterious |
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Life Span
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average length of life of a particular type of organism in a particular environment under specified circumstances
-women live longer than men, men are more susceptable to disease because of increased testosterone levels |
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Life Expectancy at Birth
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measure of the average life span of a population or group
expected (mean) survival based |
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Facial WRinklings
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decline sin collagen, skin becomes thinner, paperlike
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Male Pattern Baldness
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result of thinner diameter of hair and distribution, strong genetic control
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Weight Gain (Middle Age Spread)
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age related declines in BMR changes in activity patterns, hormone changes
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Reduced Stature
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due to compression of vertebral column and reduction in bone quality and quantity measured as bone mineral density
could result in KYPHOSIS or DOWAGER's hump |
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Osteoporosis
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Low bone mineral density (BMD) reduces integrity of bone and increasing risk of fractures
Osteopenia low BMD Osteoporosis EXTREMELY low BMD Femals have greater risk: cessation of ovarian function at menopause stops production of estrogen which is th ekey hormone in maintainging bone integrity physical activity prevents |
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Menopause
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permanent cessation of menstruation and monthly cycling, after 12 months = post menopausal
around age 50 only species that have menopause men dont really have it, just a social menopause general loss of sex drive |
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Rural Mayans in Yucatan (Beyene, 1986)
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Menopause in Yucatan
women with numerous pregnancies extended lactational amenorrhea, malnutrition reported no hot flashes or sweats |
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Japanese Women (Lock 1998)
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less likely to report experiencing menopausal symptoms, related to dietary and activity differences, cultural differencces with US and european women in how menopause is viewed
"KEONKI" |
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Adaptation or Epiphenomenon
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why do women live after menopause?
prolonged offspring dependency after? Grandmothers? Kin Selection, Inclusive Fitness |
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Andropause
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Male Menopause, male reproductive output does not stay constant throughout life even tho they can still produce sperm
-> Low Libedo -> decline in stamina -> Declines in spermogenesis |
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Antagonistic Pleiotropy Disposable Stoma
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Genes that have good effects early in life... see lecture slides and ADDD!!!!
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Adaptation
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changes by which organisms surmount challenges to life
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Bergmann's Rule
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body size within a species larger at lower temps
mass to surface area higher body masss= lower SA and greater heat retention lower body mass= less heat retention |
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Allen's Rule
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appendages (arms and legs & ears) shape and body mass to sa
longer = less heat retention shorter = greater heat retention |
