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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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No groups living along the Pacific coast ever
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adopted agriculture.
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although groups along the Pacific coast were
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cultivators.
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when south waters warmed due to climactic events, the plateau people:
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were in bad shape
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Larger, sedentary communities could hold as many as
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2000 people
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slaves were usually
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war captives
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The coast traded a lot of
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obsidian
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the Late Period was dated
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after AD 500
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In the Late Period, there was an increase of
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people and the problems that came with them.
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Deep sea cores and pollen samples show
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major temperature fluctuations.
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Therefore people along the NWC may have
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been forced to adapt to the climate changes
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2230 BC was the earliest
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plank housing
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Between AD 500 and 1000, labret use shifted from
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purely male to female usage alone.
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after AD 500,
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large houses appeared among the small ones
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After AD 800, what peaked?
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warfare
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What increased rapidly after 1000 BC?
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populations
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The earliest domestic structures on the coast and in the interior were
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Semi-subterranean dwellings
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2280 BC. what appeared?
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plank-houses
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plank houses are very
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permanent
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NWC art incuded
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tattooing
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The Hoko River Site includes lots of
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hooks
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Hoko River: In the late period rock shelter: the dominant technology for making artifacts is
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bone
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Hoko River: the rockshelter could be considered ___ for the ___
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seasonal; salmon
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Hoko River: fish was most likely
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dried
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Hoko Wet/dry settlement 1000BC: the remains of what were found
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basketry hats.
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Hoko Wet/dry settlement 1000BC: hats: commoners wore:
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flat-topped hats
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Hoko Wet/dry settlement 1000BC: higher ranking owners of family territory had hats:
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with knob-tops
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Hoko Wet/dry settlement 1000BC: Therefore, hats were used
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to show rank
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The entire NWC, from Alaska to northern california had
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cultural continuity
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middle period marpole culture: by ad400, there are signs of
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social status
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middle period marpole culture: a good example of social stratification:
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skull deformation.
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Marpole and salish
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are most likely related
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Main hunting at Ozette, late period:
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whaling
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Ozette was big on
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sea mammals
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ozette was preserved by
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a mudslide
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even found in these ozette houses
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preserved bark
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Interior Plateau: between the ___ and the ___
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Pacific coast; great basin
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Interior Plateau: bisected by two
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major rivers
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Interior Plateau: spoke
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salish
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Interior Plateau: ealry on, people lived mainly in
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rock shelters
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Interior Plateau: what points were found:
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clovis
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Interior Plateau: the best clovis site in int.
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wenatchee washington
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Interior Plateau: windust sites were occupied by
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mobile foragers
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Interior Plateau: Interior Plateau: windust leaf-shape points found at
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lind coulee in washington
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During paleo-archaic times, the climate was ___ and ___
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cooler moister
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after 6000bc, conditions were
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drier
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Interior Plateau: 5500 - 4300 bc first
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evidence of residential
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pithouse evidence may have been
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wiped out by floods
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Lower Snake: after 3000 bc fishing
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increased
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The milliken site lies near
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rapids
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3000 bc earliest
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pithouses
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1500-400 bc, winter pithouses rose at
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keatley creek
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after 400 bc at keatley creek, people were getting 60% of their food from
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fish
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snake river is in
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idaho
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great basin had a lot of
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points
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california coast lots of
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plankton
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california coast: ...crops were important
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acorn
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california coast: lived by
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foraging
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california coast: who could afford canoes?
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headmen
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fishing intensified after the
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middle holocene
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More intensive fishing actually came about because
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it was the only major subsistence activity that could be intensified without a lot more work involved
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foraging and large sea mammals took
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a lot of effort
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and shellfish
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couldn't produce any more than they were
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Mark Basgall(1987) conducted a study on
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acorns
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and their use in the
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Southern Coast ranges
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Which bears on the
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reduced efficiency hypothesis
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3 useful thing about acorns:
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1.they were productive
2.they were nutritious 3.they were easy to store |
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but milling and leaching
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could take hours of hard work
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In many western societies, acorns
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were a low-priority food
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because
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they required so much preparation
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Basgall argues that acorns were used
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when there wasn't enough other foods
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In California, after 2000ya,
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Acorn consumption rose
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Basgall attributes this to
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food shortages
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probably caused by
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rising populations
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When people focus on acorns, their mov't
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decreases
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and this leads to greater
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organizational complexity
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Terry Jones 1996 has drawn attn to the
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marked division of labour
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in
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historic CA societies
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The greater complexity and sedentism of some coastal societies may be the result of: 2
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climatic shifts and resource depletion
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the perspective of evolutionary ecology is based on
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that variation in the behaviour of individual organisms is shaped by natural selection
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the maximization of potential reproductive success is
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its single goal
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Evolutionary ecology doesn't require
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rational choice
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but it doesn't deny that there is
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intentional behaviour
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Selection will lean towards the
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best strategy, in time
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The plus side to Evolutionary ecology:
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It can be used to make predictions
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It is also possible to do what with predictions?
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test them
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Most Evolutionary ecology has been applied to: 2
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Settlement and subsistence
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Using what kind of models?
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optimal foraging models
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these argue that the most efficient foraging strategies are those that produce the greatest
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return in energy
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relative to
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time and effort spent
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basically, human decisions are made to maximize
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energy gain
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This, however, leaves out the question of
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what is most readily available at that minute
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And sometimes if you find something
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you don't want to bother heading out to look for something better than you may not find
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The Prey model suggests that ppl will go for the
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best prey if they find it
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but lower prey will be used
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as the amount forageable changes
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Acorns suggest that foraging return rates did what during the late Holocene?
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declined
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In the Bay area, and central and southern CA, small animals and acorns
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gained importance
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In the Bay area, and central and southern CA, small animals and acorns
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gained importance
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eventually, tech was made
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to process these acorns and small animals
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CA was what kind of habitat at the time?
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a harsh one
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Warmer temperatures would have decreased the amount of
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kelp
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Which would have affected
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all of the local marine life
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Seasonal changes, El Nino, and long term fluctuations affect
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Sea temperature variations
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The Kennets studied
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The marine changes
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The Kennets used a
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deep sea core
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from the
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Santa Barbara Channel
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to acquire a portrait from marine
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foraminifera
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and AMS
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radiocarbon dates
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Of maritime climate change over the past
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3000 yrs
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Despite long-term fluctuations, climate conditions were more stable from
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the end of the Ice Age
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up to about
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2000 BC
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Then the climate became more
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unstable
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with sea surface temperatures
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varying sharply
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productivity of fisheries could
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change dramatically from year to year
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btwn 1050BC and AD450, water conditions were
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warm and stable
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From AD 450 to 1300, sea temps
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dropped sharply
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From AD 960 to 1300, marine upwelling
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was really intense
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Causing fisheries to be
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very productive
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After 1300, sea temps
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stabilized and became warmer
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Upwelling then
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subsided
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And fisheries
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became less productive
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AD 800 to 1350 was called the
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Medieval Warm Period
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It was a time of regional
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droughts
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During this period, in CA, the Great Basin, and Colorado Plateau environmental productivity
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declined
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human population
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increased
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People responded to this by
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moving
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also by changing their ways of
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getting food
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and their patterns of
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long-distance exchange
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they also did what for territory and food?
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fought each other
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Linguistically, CA was
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incredibly diverse
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The main ones were 2
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Hokan and Penutian
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Hokan-speaking groups might be
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the first settlers
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because their language shows
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the greatest diversity
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and possible time
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depth
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Before 4000 BC, the pop of CA may have been almost entirely
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Hokan-speaking
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btwn 4000 and 2000 BC, there were considerable
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Language shifts
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esp. among which groups in E CA
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Uto-Aztecan
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In N CA, Penutian speakers may have moved into the lower
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Sacramento Valley
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from the
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Columbia Plateau or Great Basin
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in about
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2500BC
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Utian and Hokan speakers
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met and intermingled
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for 4000 years
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they would survive
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The arch of N CA coastal areas is known mainly from
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Shell middens
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and from dense WHAT in the Bay area and in the Sacramento Delta region.
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settlements
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The NWC ppl in Oregon and Washington strongly influenced the
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Yurok
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Alfred Kroeber called small groups presiided over by local chief or headman, each with their own territory a:
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tribelet
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tribelets usually had a principle
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settlement
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a WHAT center
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ceremonial
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and what for the seasons?
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seasonal camps
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each had its own strategy for what?
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subsistence
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Michael Moratto's "searchers"
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look for dispersed resources
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and "pursuers"
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went for predictable food, like certain fish
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what decided searcher/pursuer?
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seasons
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the shift would change
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social organization
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often tribelets would do what in the fall?
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come together and cooperate at catching fish
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in the winter, groups
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relied on stored food
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Dated ?150 BC to recent times; of the Humboldt Bay area and lower Eel and Mad rivers.
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The Gunther Pattern
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The precise location of the Gunther pattern site??
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Gunther Island
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They show strong influence from the
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NWC culture area
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The Wiyot and Yurok people
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brought it to the area
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Gunther sites contain distinctive
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Barbed projectile pts
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Klamath and Trinity are the kind of
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rivers they are concentrated around
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The inhabitants relied heavily on what?
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Salmon
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They used the mtns for: 2
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hunting and acorns
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obsidian was
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clearly traded from far away
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and Gunther cemeteries
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show social rank
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San Franciso Bay and the Central Coast: people were widespread but
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scattered
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San Franciso Bay and the Central Coast: hg's lived there before
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2000 BC
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San Franciso Bay and the Central Coast: they lived on the
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coast
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San Franciso Bay and the Central Coast: and in the
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mountains
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San Franciso Bay and the Central Coast: coastal resources
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were unimportant
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The windmiller Pattern: Subsistence:
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hunting, gathering, fishing
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In the summer, the Sierras was good for
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hunting
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DELTA GRPS ACQUIRED WHAT FROM COAST RANGE SOURCES? AND FROM THE EASTER SIDE OF THE SIERRAS
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OBSIDIAN
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THEY TRADED COASTAL ORNAMENTS AND
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SHELLS
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AND GOT EXOTIC MATERIALS LIKE
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QUARTZ CRYSTALS
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WINDMILLER BURIALS AND CEMETERIES WHOS
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EVIDENCE OF CEREMOMY
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INCLUDING WHAT PIGMENT?
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RED OCHRE
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THE BODEIS WERE COMMONLY ORIENTED TOWARD THE
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WEST
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WITH THEIR FACES
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DOWN
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FROM C. 2000 BC TO AD 300; CAME FROM WINDMILLER PATTERN
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BERKELEY PATTERN
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SOON AFTER 4000 YA, NEW PEOPLE MOVED IN THE BAY AREA. THEY SPOKE
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UTIAN
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THEY WERE ADAPTED TO AREAS
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WITH WATER
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AD 1, BERKELEY PATTER PEOPLE
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FLOURISHED
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IN THE WHAT BAY AREA
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SAN FRANCISCO
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ALONG WHICH COAST?
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THE CENTRAL COAST
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AND IN THE MWHAT BAY AREA?
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MONTEREY
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THEY WERE KNOWN TO HARVEST WHAT AND COLLECT WHAT?: 2
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ACORNS AND SHELLFISH
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POPULATIONS WERE WHAT COMPAREDTO EARLIER MILLLENNIA
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DENSER
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BUT THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE WAS STILL
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EGALITARIAN
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PEOPLE WERE EITHER BURIED WITH TOOLS OR
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SHAMANS' KITS
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BERKELEY PATTERN MOSTLY TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE
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ENVIRONMENT'S DIVERSITY
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TOM KING SAYS THAT THE FIRST BERKELEY PPL CHOSE AREAS WHERE THERE WERE FEW WHATS IN THE HARVEST
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GAPS
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OF
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DIFFERENT RESOURCES
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DENSE POPULATIONS SPLIT INTO
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SATELLITE COMMUNITIES
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PATTERN BETWEEN AD 300 AND 500, EVOLVED FROM THE BERKELEY
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AUGUSTINE
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IT WAS NO LONGER ASSOC WITH
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POPULATION MOV'TS
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BUT RATHER WITH
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TECHNOLOGY
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INCLUDING THE ... AND ..., ... FOR FISHING, TUBULAR..., AND THE BURNING...
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BOW AND ARROW, HARPOONS, TOBACCO PIPES, OF ARTIFACTS IN A GRAVE BEFORE THE INSERTION OF THE BODY
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THESE DEV'TS VOICIDE WITH
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THE MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD
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WITH ITS ACCOMPANYING WHAT CYCLES?
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DROUGHT
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BUT PEOPLE STILL ENDED UP
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MOVING
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PROBABLY FOR
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BETTER FOOD
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JACK BROUGHTON STUDIES WHAT AND OTHER FOOD RESOURCES IN BAY AREA AND SACRAMENTO SITES
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FISH
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AND WHAT SHOWS MORE OF A FORAGING FOCUS
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SHELL MIDDENS
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AND AT THE SAME TIME LESS 2
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HUNTING AND FISHING
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THE PREY HAD BECOME
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SMALLER AND SMALLER ANIMALS
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ACORN FARMING HARMED THE POPULATION OF WHAT?
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DEER
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RATHER THAN MOVING FAR, THINGS LIKE ACORNS
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HAD TO BE FARMED VERY INTENSIVELY
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THE CULTURE LASTED, IN RELATION TO THE EUROPEANS
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JUST BEYOND THEM
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IT ENDED WITH THE
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SPANISH MISSIONARIES
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THEIR HOUSES WERE SHAPED LIKE HALF...
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GLOBES
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4 OR 5 WHAT
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FAMILIES COULD LIVE IN ONE HOUSE
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CHESTER KING STUDIED WHAT FROM DATED GRAVES IN THE SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL AREA?
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SHELL BEAD FORMS
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HE USED WHAT TO ARGUE THAT CULTURE EVOLVED STEADILY OVER 700 YRS?
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CHANGING BEAD STYLE
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HE RECOGNIZED HOW MANY PERIODS
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THREE
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6000BC TO 1000BC WAS THE
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EARLY PERIOD
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DURING THIS PERIOD, SOCIETIES WERE BECOMING
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MORE COMPLEX
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1000BC TO AD1300 WAS
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THE MIDDLE PERIOD
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CHANGES IN BEADS AND ORNAMENTS SHOWED
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THAT THEY HAD A BIGGER ROLE IN SOCIETY
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THEY MAY NOW HAVE BEEN USED AS WHAT KIND OF MARKER?
|
SOCIETAL
|
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BONES OF DEEP-WATER FISH SHOW SOPHISTICATION, BECAUSE THEY INDICATE
|
OFF-SHORE FISHING
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AD1300 TO 1804 WAS THE
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LATE PERIOD
|
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THE CHUMASH PEOPLE EXPLOITED WHAT INTENSIVELY?
|
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
|
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AS WELL AS WHAT INLAND?
|
ACORNS
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THE SPANISH SAW THEM AS SKILLED: 2
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NAVIGATORS AND FISHERMEN
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THEIR BOATS WERE
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PLANKED CANOES
|
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CLOTHING WAS
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SPARSELY WORN
|
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WHAT DID THEY WEAR TO DISTINGUISH THEIR GROUPS?
|
BODY PAINT
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THE OCCUPANTS OF THE HOUSES SLEPT ON
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SLEEPING PLATFORMS
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MATS WERE HUNG FOR
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PRIVACY
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GRAVES WERE MARKED WITH PAINTED
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POLES
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WARS AND BICKERING OFTEN LED TO
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BLOOD FEUDS
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WHO WERE THE MAIN ARTISTS
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SHAMANS
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SOME OF THE ART IS CONNECTED WITH
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ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVANCES
|
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SOME PAINTED SITES MAY HAVE SERVED AS
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SOLSTICE OBSERVATORIES
|
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IN THE SANTA BARBARA-VENTURA AREA, THERE WERE PROBABLY SOME 15,000
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CHUMASH LIVING THERE
|
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kING FELT THAT ONE OF THE MAJOR PUSHES FOR CULTURAL COMPLEXITY WAS
|
COMPETITION WITH OTHER GROUPS
|
|
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SHELLS STARTED TO BECOME SOMETHING LIKE WHAT BETWEEN GROUPS?
|
MONEY
|
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|
ALSO, THOUGH, KING MAY HAVE BEEN WRONG IN DOWNPLAYING WHAT IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE PPL?
|
CLIMATE CHANGE
|
|
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GOING AFTER MORE MARINE ANIMALS WAS
|
NECESSARY
|
|
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BIGGER VILLAGES STARTED TO CAUSE MORE
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DISEASE
|
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TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES WERE
|
IMPORTANT
|
|
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FOOD SHORTAGES WERE ALLEVIATED BY THE ELITE
|
TRADING AND MANUFACTURING SHELL-BEADS
|
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RELIGIOUS LEADERS GAVE WAY TO
|
HEREDITARY NOBILITY
|
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BASED ON
|
KIN GROUPS
|
|
|
SKELETONS FROM THE DROUGHT PERIOD SHOW
|
MALNUTRITION
|
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|
WHO SUFFERED FROM THE MOST DENTAL CARIES?
|
WOMEN
|
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PROBABLY BECAUSE
|
THEY COLLECTED PLANT FOODS
|
|
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AS MARINE FOOD BECAME MORE IMPORTANT,
|
DENTAL CARIES DIMINISHED
|
|
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THE SHIFT TO SEA FOOD CAUSED
|
MORE ARTHRITIS
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