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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
There are 4 types of subsistence |
-Hunting and gathering |
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Have obtained food for 99% of the time that humans have been on the earth |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Norm |
Cultural standards or guidelines that enable individuals to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate behavior |
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Folkways |
behaviors that are socially approved but not morally significant |
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Mores |
Norms of morality |
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Taboos |
Behaviors that are forbidden by a culture |
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Laws |
Formal body of rules enforced by the state |
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Hegemony |
The internalization of dominant ideology
Cultural predominance of one culture upon others |
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Shame and Gossip |
-Informal processes of social control |
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Market Principle |
Profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states |
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Redistribution |
The movement of goods, services, or their equivalent from the local level to the center |
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Reciprocity (3 types) |
- Generalized reciprocity - Balanced Reciprocity - Negative Reciprocity |
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Generalized reciprocity |
- Purest form of reciprocity |
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Balanced Reciprocity |
- Social distance increases as does the need to reciprocate |
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Negative Reciprocity |
- Social distance is greatest and reciprocation is most calculated |
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Authority |
The socially approved use of power |
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Power |
The ability to exercise ones will over another |
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Prestige |
Esteem, respect, or approval for acts, deeds, or qualities considered exemplary |
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Social Control |
Fields of the social system (beliefs, practices, institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and the regulation of any conflict.
-Internalized Social Control -Externalized Social Control |
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Internalized Social Control |
- Self imposed, personal sense of morality |
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Externalized Social Control |
- Designed to encourage conformity to social norms |
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Igbo Womens War |
-November-December 1929 -feminist and anti-colonial protest.
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Arbitration |
- Neutral third party |
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Adjudication |
Neutral 3rd party who decides guilt/innocence and punishment |
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Trials by Ordeal |
Innocence or guild proven through tests |
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Sex |
refers to anatomy |
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Gender |
refers to learned culture and physiological attributes |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species
(Men have more hair, women have breasts) |
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Gender Roles |
Tasks and activities a culture assigns to the sexes |
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Gender stereotypes |
Oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females |
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Gender stratification |
Unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and some, reflecting their different positions in social hierarchy |
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Eunuch |
Castrated man who served as an attendant to harems in Byzantium |
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Hijras |
Third sex/gender in Indian society. They maintain low social statuses but they are essential in social events |
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Berdache |
A male who adopts social roles traditionally assigned to women and through performance of a third gender role, contributes to the social and spiritual well-being of a community as a whole |
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Fakaleiti |
Tongan men who behave like women |
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Fa’afafine |
Samoan men who adopt female attributes |
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Sexual Orientation |
A persons habitual sexual attraction to, and activities with, persons of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both sexes (bisexuality); also the lack of attraction (asexuality) |
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Economy |
A system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources |
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Have obtained food for 99% of the time that humans have been on the earth |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Environment: Marginal Settings
-Desert: Australian aborigines, the Kung bushmen of the Kalahari, and the Inuit in the arctic desert
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Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Division by labor - by age and gender |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Nomadic - foragers have to keep moving. Need to follow game migration and find new plant foods to eat. Food varies by season - streams and water holes may dry up, tundra thaws, etc. |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Families - Couples are monogamous with relatively few children |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Economics: |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Government: |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Political organization - Bands |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Religion - There is no concept of one God who is more powerful that another God or lesser God-like creatures (i.e. - saints and angels) |
Hunting & Gathering (Foraging) |
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Neolithic farming |
Horticulture |
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people who grow many kinds of crops for their own consumption |
Horticulturists |
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Swidden shifting = slash and burn. More common type of cultivation practiced in tropics in rainforest areas |
Horticulture |
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Environment: |
Horticulture |
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Families: |
Horticulture |
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Economics: |
Horticulture |
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Government: |
Horticulture |
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Political Organization: |
Horticulture |
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Religion: |
Horticulture |
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Herders - people whose activities focus on domesticated animals (ex. cattle, sheep, goat, camels, tai, reindeer) |
Pastoralism |
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- Consume meat, blood, and milk |
Pastoralism |
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Environment: |
Pastoralism |
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Settlement: |
Pastoralism |
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Family: |
Pastoralism |
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Community: |
Pastoralism |
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Economics: |
Pastoralism |
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Government: |
Pastoralism |
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Political Organization: |
Pastoralsim |
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Religion: |
Pastoralism |
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Intensive and continuous use of land to cultivate crops |
Agriculture |
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Environment: |
Agriculture |
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Settlement: |
Agriculture |
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Family: |
Agriculture |
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Community: |
Agriculture |
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Economics: |
Agriculture |
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Government: |
Agriculture |
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Political Organization: |
Agriculture |
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Religion: |
Agriculture |
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Political Organization |
Large bands, tribes, and chiefdoms |