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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Date Terminology
mya- ya- BP- kya- |
mya = millions years ago
ya = years ago BP = before present kya = thousands years ago |
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Oldest Species in Human Lineage
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis (Kenya) Ardipithecus ramidus |
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Australopithecus anamensis
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4.2 – 3.9 mya
Northern Kenya Ape-like brain First to walk upright (bipedal) |
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia
4 – 3 mya Ape-like brain, 375 – 550 cc Bipedal Sexual Dimorphism Females 3’6”, males taller, about 5’ Could have been arboreal (climb trees) too |
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Australopithecus africanus
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South Africa
3 – 2 mya Bipedal Larger brain, 420-500 cc |
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Australopithecus garhi
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Ethiopia
3 – 2 mya Smaller brain Bigger teeth BUT first evidence of primitive tool use May have used tools to crack open bones for marrow? |
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Australopithecus boisei
(also called Paranthropus boisei) |
Tanzania, Kenya
2 – 1 mya Robust, massive bony skull Brain about 530 cc. Diet of coarse vegetation Not ancestral to modern humans |
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Australopithecus robustus
(also called Paranthropus robustus) |
South Africa
2 – 1.5 mya Robust, massive bony skull, Brain about 530 cc. Diet of coarse vegetation Not ancestral to modern humans |
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More traditional interpretation (evolution) :
Robust vs. Not Robust |
au. anamensis -- Au. afarensis -- Au. africanus/Au. garhi -- Au. robustus--Au. boisei --modern humans
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See slides garhi --> modern humans
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Alternative Interpretation (evolution):
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East Africa vs. South Africa Scenario
Two different lines, similar adaptations |
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Australopithecines
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Vocal tract ape-like
Brain size 375-530cc, no reorganization, ape-like Bipedal Flat basicranium, high larynx No evidence for tool use except sketchy evidence of possible tool use by A. garhi No evidence of culture No evidence of speech or language |
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About 2.5 mya, things began to change…
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First signs of the genus Homo
Changes in vocal tract Changes in the brain |
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The genus Homo:
Early Species |
Lower Paleolithic
probably little or no basicranial flexion larger brains some brain reorganization evidence of Broca’s area less cortex for vision, more for parietal |
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Assumptions about Fossil Species
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Evidence for vocal tract
Basicranial flexion good indicator?? Evidence of size based on brain case Evidence for re-organization not as clear Lunate sulcus & size of parietal lobe?? |
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Homo habilis
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Kenya, Tanzania
First clear evidence of tool-making, 2.5-1.5mya Oldowan tradition pebble tools choppers scrapers Evidence of right handedness |
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Later Species of Homo
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Homo ergaster
1.8-1.2mya Africa Homo erectus 1.3mya – 200kya Asia first evidence of hominins outside of Africa |
Firsts: evidence of systematic hunting
use of home bases use of fire |
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Homo ergaster/erectus
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some basicranial flexion
brains larger (850-1000cc) evidence of Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas brow ridges still present nostrils facing downwards taller, larger bodies male-female differences reduced robust but human-like body evidence of prolonged childhood |
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Acheulean Tool Industry
(H. ergaster/erectus) |
Africa/Middle East/Asia
H. ergaster in Africa, H. erectus in Asia Hand axes, cleavers, more developed clear R-handedness in Asia, long-lasting tool tradition with little change |
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Homo heidelbergensis
500k – 200kya |
Between H. ergaster and H. sapiens
Africa, Europe, Asia Zambia, Ethiopia, Greece, Germany, France Earlier in Spain (800kya, aka H. antecessor) Basicranial flexion Larger, reorganized brain (about 1200cc) Brow ridges At least protolanguage? |
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Mousterian Tool Tradition
(Middle Paleolithic or Middle Stone Age in Africa) |
About 300k – 50k BP
Europe, near East, Africa neanderthal, heidelbergensis Composite tools Ritual burials, art First evidence of use of ochre as art, 77kya, South Africa |
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Homo floresiensis
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Flores Island, Indonesia
1 meter tall 95k-13k BP Small brain, 400cc Associated with tools Extreme adaptation from H. erectus? Or another species? Controversial, several interpretations No language |
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Two competing theories about origins of
Homo sapiens |
Multi-regionalism
H. sapiens from H. heidelbergensis in Africa, Europe, and Asia Out of Africa H. sapiens from heidelbergensis in Africa then replaced all other human populations |
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Homo sapiens (e.g., Cro-Magnon)
200k-10k years ago) |
Evolved from H. heidelbergensis in Africa
Then migrated out of Africa, replacing all other H. species |
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Volcanic eruption – possible effects
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Mt. Toba, Indonesia
About 70-75kya (71k) Volcanic winter for 6 years 1,000 years coldest ice-age population bottleneck? dispersal of modern H. sapiens from Africa throughout world, replacing all? genetic and linguistic evidence to support this |
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Upper Paleolithic or Later Stone Age in Africa
(e.g., Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdelenian) |
About 50,000 – 10,000 BP
Europe, Asia, and Africa Early modern Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon) Elaborate stone tools and art Distinctive cultures Infer must have had language |
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Homo sapiens sapiens
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Modern humans (us)
Neolithic 10,000ya Advent of agriculture |
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