Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What were the patterns of Deetz's study of successive social trends in Anglo-American mortuary art? |
death's head motif > cherub's head > urn and willow > mixed styles during shift > modest structures > then socioeconomic status reflected > then modesty again > then increased use of cremation |
|
|
Three new methods for analyzing burials discussed in class |
stable isotope studies DNA studies Native American remains |
|
|
Stable isotope study example discussed in class |
Richard III |
|
|
What did Richard III's stable isotope study show? |
That he consumed groundwater from Spain, likely through Spanish wine |
|
|
Example of using DNA studies discussed in class |
New York African Burial Ground Project DNA samples from 32 individuals were analyzed |
|
|
Example of Native American remains discussed in class |
lawsuit over 9,600 year old remains of the "Kennewick Man" |
|
|
Types of gift and exchange systems (3) |
General reciprocity
Balanced reciprocity
Market exchange
|
|
|
What are some factors that impacted the systems of exchange and gifts? |
Increasing social and political stratification
Increasing specialization of labor & division of labor
Generalized and standardized medium of exchange |
|
|
Examples of levels of political stratification |
Band, tribe, chiefdoms and confederacies, monarchies/kingdoms, nation state, empire |
|
|
European governments' expanding ___________ economies in colonial systems had an impact upon tribes, chiefdoms, confederacies, and kingdoms of Africa and Americas |
capitalist |
|
|
Examples of social group dynamics discussed in class |
class, socioeconomic differences, gender, ethnicity, race and racism, "ethnic markers" |
|
|
example of a culture that had multiple genders |
Crow people, "berdache" |
|
|
Gender is distinct from... |
behavioral/sexual orientation |
|
|
What has an impact on gender? |
patriarchal ideologies |
|
|
Ethnicity is a __________-constructed sense of group identity and solidarity |
socially |
|
|
Ethnicity is not _______________ based |
biologically |
|
|
Race and racism are ______________-constructed categories, not _____________ based |
socially, NOT biologically or genetically |
|
|
Archaeology of racism has an impact on ________________ landscapes |
plantation |
|
|
What debates have arose out of the concept of "ethnic markers" in material culture? |
Whether some objects will always be associated with members of one ethnic group |
|
|
Capitalism definition |
Based on a highly mobile surplus value (capital) and strategies for investing in diverse enterprises and maximizing profits |
|
|
Spread of capitalism is a part of the European... |
colonial enterprises |
|
|
Capitalism is accompanied by ___________ and ______________ ideologies |
patriarchal and racial |
|
|
What are peripheries? |
the colonial zones that would produce agricultural products and natural resources and supply these to the core zone to feed the industrial system and laborers |
|
|
in the period of 1700 onward, periphery farms... |
benefited from booming overseas demands |
|
|
Did the ceramic revolution of the Staffordshire potteries dominate in the Virginia and Maryland back country as well? |
NO, perhaps because of a stylistic choice to buy locally |
|
|
Two sources of evidence that these potteries did not prevail in the back country... |
archaeology of house sites in the region
retail merchants' records |
|
|
Documentary sources show that the _______________ ideologies of ______ domination was present in back country farmsteads |
patriarchal
male |
|
|
Findings in these documentary sources |
merchant records gave privilege to males as account holders
records of who actually made purchases shows greater role of women
merchant records show patriarchal biases |
|
|
What did the Parting Ways site show us? |
House forms, proxemics, jars, and grave configurations that show strong African cultural traditions related to cultures such as Yoruba, Akan, Ashanti, BaKongo |
|
|
tamarind jars |
unglazed red clay, almost identical to some pottery forms produced in West Africa and Indes, used there to store and ship tamarind fruit |
|
|
What were some African traditions of grave ornament? |
placement of pottery, vessels, cobbles and items on grave
often broken ritually to symbolize separation and transition of the departed |
|
|
Shotgun house |
Linear form module house with the introduction of the porch, Haitian
shotgun derived from "to-gun" for "place of assembly" |
|
|
Yoruba house style continued and developed in ________, and then in America as the _________ house style |
Haiti
shotgun |
|
|
Examples of musical traditions in African diasporas |
banjo, earlier called "banza"
claw hammer method
percussion instruments such as "quaqua" drum |
|
|
What ornaments were uncovered in archaeological investigations of African residencies at plantation sites in North America? |
ebony rings |
|
|
What did these rings represent? |
an individual's ability to overcome abduction, the "middle Passage", to retain such a connection with their lives before captivity |
|
|
Definition of a "maroon" |
enslaved person under the Spanish colonial regime |
|
|
Maroon communities included people who had ___________ from area plantations |
escaped |
|
|
What were Palmares settlements? |
locations for African and Native Americans escaped from Portuguese plantaions |
|
|
Archaeological investigations of Palmares villages revealed: |
self-sufficient production of material culture,
some trading
pottery forms of a type of "colonoware"
clay smoking pipes similar to West African production method |
|
|
What is the most prominent example of a Maroon community in North America? |
Fort Mose in Florida |
|
|
Fort Mose was a _____________ community made up of people from widely varied backgrounds and ethnic group names |
diverse |
|
|
Who was Araminta Ross? |
Harriet Tubman
led more than 300 people out of slavery, never found by slaveholders |
|
|
What was one rare archaeological find of a "safe house" space? |
Home of Thaddeus Stevens where they discovered a brick cistern used as a hiding space |
|
|
What is the unsettled debate around use of quilts in Underground Railroad? |
Whether the quilts were used as signals in Underground Railroad activities |
|
|
What are the two plantation management and surveillance systems? |
Gang and task |
|
|
Gang system
Where it was usually found |
Constant surveillance and supervision
Found by plantations in VA, MA, northern states, TN, KY |
|
|
Task system
Where it was usually found |
Demand for laborers to complete assigned tasks, less surveillance but if they didn't complete their duty, met with retaliation
Found in low country, Carolinas, Georgia |
|
|
Research findings show some general differences in ________________ dynamics related to the impact of task vs. gang systems of social control across these regions |
social |
|
|
Plantation landscapes in Carolinas, Georgia, Florida |
Hierarchical spatial plan
Enslaved laborers houses often made of tabby aggregate
often reflect building traditions and sizes consistent with those in West Africa
greater freedom and sense of community in living space of laborers' quarters
most frequent use of task system |
|
|
Transformation of the landscape of the Carolina coasts |
New plantation owners obtained laborers from West African regions
large-scale transformation of swamps and tidal areas into rice fields
these laborers possessed skilled traditions in constructing woven baskets for sifting and processing rice |
|
|
What was the historical linguistic evidence found in the "Language You Cry In" documentary? |
Mende language song used as a funeral dirge from 18th or 19th century was carried to North America and handed down over centuries |
|
|
What word did this song retain? |
kambe |
|
|
Three debates surrounding Colonoware pottery |
How it was produced
Rounded vs. flattened bases
Who used it |
|
|
Debated groups for who made it |
Native American or African American |
|
|
Debate over rounded vs flattened bases |
What the origins of these forms were... Deetz and Ferguson say potters learned this flattened base preference from European Americans with whom they had interacted with |
|
|
Colonoware was most primarily used in ____________________ households |
African American |
|
|
What is creolization? |
Process of interacting populations blending different cultural traditions to create new forms |
|
|
______________ and ___________ concepts are similar to the concepts Deetz and Glassie used to analyze changes in Anglo-American culture over time |
Grammar and lexicon |
|
|
______________ developed as a cash crop from outset of European colonial investments in the New World |
tobacco |
|
|
Stem hole diameters of ____________-made pipes provide a chronological marker when uncovered archaeologically |
English |
|
|
Stem holes became ___________ over time |
narrower |
|
|
Colonoware tobacco pipes were made in the ______________ region |
Chesapeake |
|
|
Debate as to whether these Chesapeake pipes were made primarily by ________________ |
African Americans |
|
|
Swan Cove kiln revealed remains of |
colonoware pipe kiln |
|
|
ethnographic or ethnohistorical analogies |
working forward in time using predictive models |
|
|
spectrum of expressive modes of material culture |
emblematic to instrumental |
|
|
emblematic |
fully embellished symbol
used in public display |
|
|
instrumental |
abbreviated symbol
used in private locations |
|
|
Artifacts of African spiritual practices from 1700s and 1800s found primarily in ____________ spaces |
private |
|
|
Haiti and Brazil examples showing development of new emblematic symbols displayed in ____________ spaces |
public |
|
|
"BaKongo cosmogram" |
core symbol of BaKongo culture, expressed in emblematic and instrumental modes used in public displays |
|
|
Archaeological finds in North America and new symbolism in Haiti and Brazil are examples of ___________ of cultures of BaKongo, Yoruba, Fon peoples |
blending |
|
|
enclosing hand symbol |
Possible reinterpretation of manufactured items by African Americans
|
|
|
Examples of instrumental symbolism of Europeans in the Americas |
skull figure - SATOR/ROTAS
English witch bottles
Anglo-American witch bottle
witchcraft laws in America |
|
|
Class dynamics includes the ________________ dimensions of gender, class, ethnicity, and racial ideologies |
interdependent |
|
|
Class dynamics is seen in impacts of differential wealth on families' investments in ____________________ and household goods |
architecture |
|
|
Many families chose to invest in ________________ rather than __________________ |
land
architecture/household goods |
|
|
Class dynamics seen in the rise of ____________________ based on different roles of capitalist entrepreneurs, labors, and consumers |
mass production |
|
|
Class dynamics seen in the development of racial _______________ to justify expropriations of labor and wealth from others |
ideologies |
|
|
Gender dynamics is seen in the _______________ ideologies muting the role of women in households and farmsteads |
patriarchal |
|
|
Gender dynamics is seen in __________ traditions practiced by females |
artisan
ex. African American quilting and textile skills |
|
|
Gender dynamics is seen in different cultural definitions of _____________ |
gender |
|
|
Case study of gender dynamics |
Arikara |
|
|
What is the cultural shift among the Arikara in the period of 1500-1800? |
From larger population, villages and matrilocal rules to smaller population, villages and patrilineal and patrilocal rules
From cohesive social networks and pottery traditions among women to loss of social cohesion reflected in loss of patterned stylistic traditions in pottery |
|
|
What were these disruptions caused by? |
Disease
Conflicts
Impacts of European settlement and trade |
|
|
Example of ethnicity and racialization discussed in class |
Chinese American histories |
|
|
Multiple ethnic groups are treated as ___________________ in America |
one ethnicity |
|
|
Racial __________________ are targeted at Chinese Americans |
ideologies |
|
|
Chinese Americans overcome adversities to build _____________________ |
thriving communities |
|
|
Two impacts seen from Arikara culture |
house size decrease
coherent stylistics fell apart
|
|
|
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act |
specific law that only applies to Native American remains |
|
|
Balanced reciprocity |
transfers of wealth and resources that had an accompanying mental accounting |
|
|
market exchange |
money used |
|
|
As you move up the hierarchical systems, you get an increase/decrease in the division and level of stratification and increase/decrease in the general medium exchange |
increase
increase |
|
|
Racial ideologies have a role in _______________ labor |
legitimizing |
|
|
Racial ideologies do/do not change over time |
do |
|
|
It is/is not a biological fact that races exist |
is not |
|
|
Banza |
banjo |
|
|
quaqua |
drum made from a gourd with hide stretched across it |
|
|
Ebony wood rings have a specific connection to.... |
Africa |
|
|
Yoruban word that shotgun house derived from |
to-gun, meaning gathering place |
|
|
meaning of kambe |
grave |
|
|
The porch comes from __________ diasporas |
African |
|
|
Gang system typically in the ____________ area
Task system typically in the _______________ |
Chesapeake
Carolinas |
|
|
Findings from South Carolina enslaved laborers |
rice fields
baskets for separating the rice
large mortar and pestles for breaking up wood
|
|
|
General characteristics of colonoware |
shale and sand temper
local clays
not always rounded bottoms |
|
|
Colonoware had more flat bases in ______________ than in _______________ |
Chesapeake than in Carolinas |
|
|
More round based colonoware occurs in... |
Carolinas |
|
|
More European vessel elements occur in... |
Chesapeake |
|
|
Colonoware was found to be primarily used by |
African Americans |
|
|
Time frame of Colonoware pipes |
1640-80 |
|
|
Time frame of Colonoware pottery |
1680-1820 |
|
|
Colonoware pottery characteristics |
Hand built and coiled
No potters wheels used
Has no external finish |
|
|
Deetz proposed that the reason why we find little evidence of colonoware in South Carolina before Bacon's Rebellion is because... |
Plantations in Carolinas and Georgia that had colonoware started after Bacon's rebellion |
|
|
Chesapeake pipes were made... |
locally |
|
|
There is/is not a datable characteristic on Chesapeake pipes |
is not |
|
|
What did the Swan cove site provide? |
primary evidence for the theory that colonoware pipes were made primarily by European Americans |
|
|
Palmares was located in... |
Brazil |
|
|
Population of Palmares |
20,000 |
|
|
Residents of Palmares produced their own... |
pottery and clay smoking pipes |
|
|
Act of quilting generally comes from... |
European backgrounds |
|
|
enslaved laborers made quilts for plantation owners and did what? |
put their own symbolism in it |
|
|
question of whether or not quilts were being used for signals is... |
not very well accepted or supported by the evidence |
|
|
Moving into North America, we usually see ______________ symbols |
instrumental |
|
|
Levi Jordan plantation site showed an interacting of which cultures? |
Yoruba and BaKongo |
|
|
German-American charms are an example of a counterexample of the... |
cross |
|
|
More rounded-base vessels of colonoware pottery occur... |
south of Virginia and Chesapeake region |
|
|
More flat-based vessels of colonoware pottery occur... |
in Virginia and Chesapeake region |
|
|
Deetz said that the basic chronology of colonoware pottery production provides evidence for... |
African American potters |
|
|
Overall difference in vessel forms along the Atlantic coast consistent with... |
fact of later development of plantations in Carolinas and Georgia area, starting in late 1600s |
|
|
English tobacco pipes were typically made of... |
white clay that was fragile |
|
|
Colonoware tobacco pipes were typically made of... |
local red clays |
|
|
Colonoware tobacco pipes did/did not have decorative motifs |
did |
|
|
Debate surrounding colonoware tobacco pipes |
whether they were made primarily by African Americans |
|
|
Emerson's argument |
decorative symbols on colonoware pipes were very similar to symbolic motifs from West Africa |
|
|
Swan Cove Kiln site does/does not support Emerson's argument |
does |
|
|
Some ___________ spirits believed to reside in spaces of mountains and bodies of water |
simbi |
|
|
Expressive modes typically found in Americas... |
instrumental |
|
|
Haitian voudoun |
veve of simbi |
|
|
Brazilian Macumba |
pontos ricados |
|
|
These two Haitian and Brazilian examples show the blending of... |
BaKongo, Yoruba and Fon peoples cultures |
|
|
What was found at the Demory site in Virginia? |
skull figure |
|
|
quilombos |
term for freedom community |
|
|
Individuals do/do not often have multiple group identities to which they subscribe during their lives |
do |
|
|
Racial ideologies created and used to justify ____________________ and destruction of others for _______________ gain |
subordination
economic |
|
|
Which pottery succeeds more in the backcountry markets? |
Philadelphia style
American-made pottery |
|
|
Parting Ways...men were all enslaved before/after the Revolutionary War |
before |
|
|
Turner-Burr house consisted of two ____-foot square structures adjacent to one another |
12 |
|
|
tamarind jars were ____ inches tall |
18 |
|
|
What else did the Parting Ways site uncover? |
two concentrated areas with high concentrations of stone cobbles, pieces of pottery and glassware on the surface |
|
|
what did this present? |
a strong parallel to grave decoration practices in US South and West and Central Africa |
|
|
Typical size of West African rooms |
10 to 12 feet square |
|
|
Typical Anglo American house room size |
14 feet square and larger |
|
|
________________ were largely introduced and popularized in North America as part of such African house styles |
porches |
|
|
Time period of Palmares |
lasted 80-90 years |
|
|
Settlements withstood and repelled attacks from Portuguese and Dutch colonial forces from... |
1612-1694 |
|
|
Fort Mose offered asylum to any escaping to Spanish Florida who would... |
accept Catholicism |
|
|
Plantation management systems did/did not vary throughout the Caribbean |
did |
|
|
There was a transformation in Chesapeake area plantations during... |
late 1600s |
|
|
tabby |
made of sand and oyster shell
fire resistant, weather resistant, durable |
|
|
King Zumbi |
Palmares leader |
|
|
Clay paste in colonoware is often tempered with... |
shell or sand
|
|
|
technique used for making colonoware |
coiling |
|
|
What technique did Europeans primarily use? |
wheel and mold techniques |
|
|
Colonoware was often decorated with... |
burnishing |
|
|
European pottery often has _______ bases |
flat |
|
|
grammar |
learned rules concerning ways you can properly order words and sentences |
|
|
lexicon |
collection of words to be ordered by grammar |
|
|
English manufacturers mass-produced clay smoking pipes and exported them... |
throughout the colonies |
|
|
Tobacco pipes made in Chesapeake region declined in... |
1680s |
|
|
Swan Cove provides backing for what group making pipes... |
African Americans |
|
|
instrumental expressions of BaKongo cosmogram |
multiple metaphors of crossing boundary between spirit world and land of living with objects with reflective, shiny surfaces, water |
|
|
nkisi objects |
used to summon spirits |
|
|
nganga |
ritual specialist |
|
|
Carroll House in Maryland |
crystals and other objects |
|
|
hand charm configuration reflects elements of... |
BaKongo cosmogram |
|
|
Class dynamic seen in different labor and economic roles at which scales |
local, regional, trans-Atlantic |
