Anth 104: Week 07, High Altitude, Uv, Heat Adaptation

Front 1

Hypoxia

Back 1

a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply

Front 2

Lower barometric pressure results in:

Back 2

Less oxygen available; same amount in air, but less dense, so less oxygen is inhaled.

Front 3

At 4,500 m, oxygen pressure decreases by

Back 3

40% from sea level

Front 4

FiO2

Back 4

Fraction of inspired oxygen

Front 5

P in front of some (e.g., P02) =

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partial

Front 6

Pb

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ambient barometric pressure

Front 7

How do humans adjust to hypoxic stress?

Back 7

1.) Lungs: Pulmonary ventilation (VE)
2.) Lungs pulmonary diffusion
3.) Blood: Red blood cells and hemoglobin -- cell saturation.
4.) Mitochondria -- peripheral diffusion

Front 8

Ventilatory accilimatization

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Hyperventilation

-Immediate, followed by cessation in days 5-6
-Result higher Va (alveolar ventilation), but hemoglobin saturation can remain low

Front 9

cessation

Back 9

a ceasing; an end
A pause or interruption

Front 10

Hematological accimatization

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-Increase in RBC

-Erythropoietin -- stimulates BMC
-Weeks long
-Results in increase in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Front 11

AMS

Back 11

Acute Mountain sickness

Front 12

CMS

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Chronic mountain sickness

Front 13

Altitude sickness results in

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increased RBC and hemoglobin cuases blood to thicken, and can cause heart failure and lung failure

Front 14

Cure for altitude sickness:

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Move to a low altitude

Front 15

Physiological lung adaptations to high climate.

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-Chest cavity increase in volume
-Enlarged nostrils
-Greater residual lung volume: retain oxygen
-Pulmonary ventilation: 20-40% higher

Front 16

Fecundity

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Ability to produce offspring

Front 17

Fertility

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Capacity to conceive

Front 18

Reproduction issues with high altitude

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-Increased fetal wastage, decreasing fecundity
-Mortality - prenatal higher
-Low birth weights/fetal growth retardation -- this differs between populations Colorado vs Tibetans
-Placenta - increased vascularization and in some cases size.

Front 19

Growth and high altitude

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-Chest cavity will enlarge
-Short growth effects males more, less sexual dimorphism
-High alt. native children need more energy: work, cold, hypoxia

Front 20

High alt. adolesence/puberty usually not complete until?

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mid-20s

Front 21

Are biological adjustments to altitude universal?

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No!

Front 22

Andes adjustment to high altitude?

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"Classic" -- Increase hemoglobin, lung volume and oxygen saturation.

Front 23

Tibet adjustment to high altitude?

Back 23

Same hemoglobin as lower altitudes, increase resting ventilation though, and oxygen saturation

Front 24

Coca use in andes

Back 24

Hypoglycemia control: blood sugar
-Atropine -- An amino alcohol
-Heat retainer/ vasconstriction
-Appetite suppressant
-Seasonal energy stress and caloric deprivation
-Vitamins and mineral supplements: vitamin A, llipta-calcium

Front 25

Temps will drop?

Back 25

0.5 C for every 100m

Front 26

Evidence that Andean people can resist harm to extremities?

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Smaller extremities, larger core. Can withstand lower core temperatures than Europeans.

Front 27

Most cold stress adaptations are cultural regulatory responses. Three examples?

Back 27

Clothing
Shelter
Activity schedule

Front 28

Long term adaptations to heat that evolved in our ancestors:

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-Sweat glands
-Vasodilation
-Skin color

Front 29

Skin color before 1500?

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Before 1500, skin color in populations followed a geographic distribution, particularly in the Old World.

Front 30

Populations w/ the greatest amount of pigmentation are found in the

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tropics

Front 31

Populations with lighter skin color are associated with

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more northern latitudes

Front 32

Skin color influenced by what three substances?

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-Hemoglobin
-Carotene
-Melanin

Front 33

Hemoglobin

Back 33

When it is carrying oxygen, it gives a reddish tinge to the skin

Front 34

Carotene

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A plant pigment which the body synthesizes into vitamin A, provides yellowish cast

Front 35

Melanin

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Has the ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation, preventing damage to DNA

Front 36

The three major types of cells that can be affect by UV rays:

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squamous cells
Basal cells
Melanocytes

Front 37

Rickets

Back 37

Insufficient amount of vitamin D during childhood.

Often leads to bowing of the long bones of the legs and deformation of the pelvis.