Anth 002 Exam 3 Final

Front 1

social, political, and religious patterns most closely associated with subsistence

Back 1

cultural core

Front 2

reliance on naturally occurring plants/animals

Back 2

foraging (hunting/gathering)

Front 3

simple farming of domesticated plants with simple tools

Back 3

horticulture

Front 4

growing multiple crops in the same space to mimic natural environments

Back 4

polyculture

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characteristics of horticulture

Back 5

slash/burn, fallow, polyculture, extensive agriculture (low yield/acre)

Front 6

breeding, use and care of domesticated herd animals, animals not eaten

Back 6

pastoralism

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type of agriculture with large amounts of labor and capital relative to land size

Back 7

intensive agriculture

Front 8

type of agriculture with small amounts of labor and capital relative to land size

Back 8

extensive agriculture

Front 9

type of pastoralism where the entire group moves

Back 9

pastoral nomadism

Front 10

type of pastoralism where subgroups move

Back 10

transhumance

Front 11

plants and animals that people used for food

Back 11

diet

Front 12

food resources available within a region

Back 12

menu

Front 13

3 secure ways to reconstruct diet

Back 13

stomach contents
coprolites
bone isotope analysis - c13 varies depending on plants eaten (tropical v temperate) and terrestrial vs marine
n15 varies with terrestrial vs marine (higher) resources

Front 14

pollen analysis; preserved well in bogs and lake beds; changes indicate vegetation changes

Back 14

palynology

Front 15

what can be done in faunal remains in PeR

Back 15

compared by analogy to known environments in which species lived, may not be useful because some environments have no modern analogies

Front 16

3 problems with multiple sources of data for PeR

Back 16

different data measure different things, and some proxies are better than others
spotty distribution and preservation may bias interpretation
differences in temporal resolution and time lags between environmental and animal/vegetation changes

Front 17

ways humans effect their environments

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overhunting, introducing new species (domestic and by accident), changes in landscape (such as for disposal)

Front 18

macrobotanical remains for PeR

Back 18

things you can see - seeds, preserved wood (carbonized and uncarbonized)

Front 19

deep sea sediment cores good for what

Back 19

things deposited in the ocean sediments after death; certain species live in particular conditions (reflect environmental conditions), carbonate shells retain oxygen isotope proportions (reflect temperature)

Front 20

ice cores good for what

Back 20

oxygen isotopes preserved in ice (reflect temperatures)

Front 21

investigations to reconstruct climate and vegetation of a specific place

Back 21

paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Front 22

macrobotanical remains

Back 22

can be seen with naked eye (seeds, whole plants etc)
preserved through carbonization, desiccation, water logging, plant impressions
mostly recovered through flotation

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phytoliths

Back 23

pieces of silica deposited in cells of plants that are specific to plant species and parts of plants; survive well; analysis is problematic

Front 24

microbotanical remains

Back 24

phytoliths

Front 25

plant residues

Back 25

starches, fatty acids and amino acids

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nisp mni

Back 26

number of identified specimens
minimal number of individuals

Front 27

movement of goods, commodity routes, not the people involved

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trade

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deals with people that move commodities along

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exchange

Front 29

three types of reciprocity

Back 29

generalized - uninhibited sharing; expect nothing in return
balanced - give something, but expect equal back at an unspecified date
negative - give goods/services and expect to be repaid immediately

Front 30

process of economy

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acquisition, production, distribution/exchange, consumption, discard

Front 31

monetary expression of exchange value

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money-prices

Front 32

practical and objectively determined value, qualitative

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use value

Front 33

value that represents what quantity of other goods for which it can be exchanged

Back 33

exchange value

Front 34

goods and services gathered into central place then given out

Back 34

redistribution

Front 35

process of provisioning through a buyer-seller transaction with price negotiation

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market exchange

Front 36

waste flakes

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debitage

Front 37

how to determine a stone's source

Back 37

chemical composition - different sources have different signatures

Front 38

a piece removed from a core

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flake

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area where flake was struck when removed

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striking platform

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just below striking platform, where flake was removed

Back 40

bulb of percussion

Front 41

on core from removal of flake

Back 41

flake scar

Front 42

weathered surface on a stone

Back 42

cortex

Front 43

flake with this make indicate movement of roughly formed or unworked raw material

Back 43

cortext

Front 44

many behaviors produce the same pattern

Back 44

equifinality

Front 45

modes of exchange can be identified how

Back 45

through the presence of nodes

Front 46

these calculate the quantity of material over distance from a source

Back 46

fall off curves

Front 47

microscopic examination of used surface or artifacts

Back 47

microwear analysis

Front 48

these may indicate how an artifact was used ie bloodletting

Back 48

chemical residues

Front 49

tending and caring for plants

Back 49

cultivation