Anth 002 Exam 2 Psu

Front 1

two classifications of dating

Back 1

absolute vs relative

Front 2

four types of relative dating

Back 2

stratigraphy
bone age
pollen dating
faunal dating

Front 3

type of dating that puts artifacts in chronological order

Back 3

relative dating

Front 4

type of dating that determines age of an artifact in years

Back 4

absolute dating

Front 5

type of dating; associated materials in a layer are of the same age

Back 5

stratigraphy

Front 6

type of dating; uses amount of nitrogen, fluorine, uranium
ex piltdown man

nitrogen in bones decreases over time, while F and Ur increase over time

Back 6

bone age

Front 7

type of dating; calculate amount of pollen types at site and compare to known sequences

Back 7

pollen dating

Front 8

type of dating; compare sequences of animal species to ID contemporary sites

Back 8

faunal dating

Front 9

three types of absolute dating

Back 9

annual cycles
radioactive clocks
trapped charge methods

Front 10

type of dating; count number of tree rings

Back 10

dendrochronology; up to 11,500 BP

Front 11

most common absolute dating method

Back 11

radiocarbon, halflife 5730

Front 12

type of dating; requires volcanic rock, two layers around an object are dated, not the object itself. wide error estimates ~30,000 years

Back 12

potassium argon dating

Front 13

type of dating; minerals in stones or pottery trap electrons that absorb radiation at a constant rate. material reheated and gives off radioactive material

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thermoluminescence 300 - 100,000BP

Front 14

limitations of carbon 14 dating

Back 14

only up to 50,000 BP, potential for contamination; need calibration

Front 15

needs of radiocarbon dating

Back 15

organic material so 14C can decay. decay begins at death

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date after which a layer of soil was deposited

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terminus post quem

Front 17

determines age before which lower layers were deposited

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terminus ante quem

Front 18

problems with dating methods

Back 18

security of context - primary context is undisturbed while secondary context is moved from primary context)
contamination of samples by more recent or older materials

Front 19

excavate at a set depth, such as 1 meter

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arbitrary level

Front 20

excavate at a depth correlated to natural strata

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natural level

Front 21

BP

Back 21

before present, with present being about 1950

Front 22

BCE

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before the common era (same as BC before christ)

Front 23

what year is 400 BP

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AD 1550

Front 24

the co-occurrence of two objects, usually in the same matrix

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association

Front 25

a relative dating method which relies principally on measuring changes in the proportional abundance, or frequency, observed among finds (eg counts of tool types, or of ceramic fabrics)

the idea that things go in and out of popularity

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frequency seriation

Front 26

technique that allows assemblages of artifacts to be arranged in a succession or serial order, which is then taken to indicate their ordering in time, or their relative chronology

Back 26

seriation

Front 27

curves that deal with seriation

Back 27

battleship curves

Front 28

The organization of artifacts or other data by sequence according to changes over time in their stylistic attributes

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stylistic seriation

Front 29

dating objects according to common attributes with other objects; all share common attributes

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stylistic seriation

Front 30

idea that older layers are below younger layers

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superposition

Front 31

way in which societies function with respect to technology, economy, rules, relationships and ideology

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sociopolitical organization

Front 32

two types of ethnographic analogies in archeology

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general analogy - broad comparisons across many cultural traditions
specific analogy - comparisons within a single cultural tradition

Front 33

using observations of behavior among contemporary cultures to make generalizations about the archaeological record

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ethnographic analogy (uses ethnographies)

Front 34

written by explorers, travelers, bureaucrats etc

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ethnohistoric documents

Front 35

Five types of analogies

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ethnohistoric documents
written and oral histories
ethnographic analysis
ethnoarchaeology
experimental archaeology

Front 36

ethnographic research done by archaeologists to understand arch. record

Back 36

ethnoarchaeology

Front 37

replicate past objects, behavior and processes

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experimental archaeology

Front 38

problems with the use of analogy

Back 38

false extrapolation, false correlation/invalid comparison

Front 39

all societies pass through single developmental trajectory

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unilinear evolution

Front 40

each society's development is conditioned by specific characteristics

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multilinear evolution

Front 41

methods of osteological analysis

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macroscopic, histoligical (microscopic), osteometric, chemical, radiographic

Front 42

measurement of bones

Back 42

anthropometry

Front 43

the study of ancient diseases

Back 43

paleopathology

Front 44

scales of osteological analysis

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element, individual, population

Front 45

people die because they are sick, so a lot of dead people gives disproportionate amounts

Back 45

selectivity bias

Front 46

bone will adapt to the load it is under

Back 46

wolff's law

Front 47

study of nonhuman bones

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zooarchaeology

Front 48

studying a site and then extrapoliting information into prehistory

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direct historical approach

Front 49

socially organized armed combat between members of different territorial units

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warfare

Front 50

small combat between loosely organized groups

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conflict

Front 51

evidence of warfare

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fortifications, weapons, trauma, documentary evidence

Front 52

crow creek

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500 people killed, village burned; bodies left exposed and reburied much later; culmination of small scale ambushes

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norris farm

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16% of 264 people in cemetery were killed; ambushes of small groups away from willage over a long period of time

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a specific rule or status

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social rule

Front 55

a combination of all rules or statuses

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social persona

Front 56

cultural practices relating to an individual from death till some time afterward

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mortuary practice

Front 57

analyzing graves

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mortuary analysis

Front 58

factional competition seen in this social organization

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chiefdoms

Front 59

3 ways chiefs maintain power

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ideology, economy, coercive force

Front 60

classification of societies varies according to

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scale and internal organization

Front 61

statistical study of all populations

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demography

Front 62

high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

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demographic transition