Anterior Arm And Forearm

Front 1

humerus- head

Back 1

articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint

Front 2

humerus - intertubercular sulcus

Back 2

between greater and lesser tubercles.
long head of biceps brachii runs through it

Front 3

humerus - lesser tubercle

Back 3

site of insertion of subscapularis

Front 4

humerus - greater tubercle

Back 4

site of insertion of supraspinatis, infraspinatus, teres minor

Front 5

humerus - anatomical neck

Back 5

separates head from tubercles

Front 6

humerus - surgical neck

Back 6

narrow part distal to head and tubercles, common site of fracture

Front 7

deltoid tuberosity

Back 7

insertion for deltoid

Front 8

Radial groove

Back 8

posterior side of humerus for radial nerve and deep artery of arm

Front 9

trochlea

Back 9

medial distal end; articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

Front 10

capitulum

Back 10

lateral distal end; articulates with the head of the radius

Front 11

coronoid fossa

Back 11

superior to trochlea anteriorly; receives coronoid process of ulna at full
flexion

Front 12

olecranon fossa

Back 12

posteriorly; accommodates olecranon of ulna during extension of elbow

Front 13

radial fossa

Back 13

superior to capitulum anteriorly; accommodates edge of head of radius when
elbow fully flexed

Front 14

medial epicondyle

Back 14

origin of common flexor tendon for flexor muscles of the forearm; ulnar
nerve courses posterior to it

Front 15

lateral epicondyle

Back 15

origin for superficial extensors of the forearm

Front 16

Groove for the ulnar nerve

Back 16

groove on the posterior aspect of medial epicondyle for ulnar n.

Front 17

fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus can damage the...

Back 17

axillary nerve

Front 18

transverse fractures of the shaft of the humerus can damage the...

Back 18

radial nerve, brachial artery.

Front 19

fractures of the distal humerus can damage the...

Back 19

medial nerve

Front 20

fractures of the medial epicondyle can damage the...

Back 20

ulnar nerve

Front 21

radius vs. ulna

Back 21

radius is lateral, shorter of the 2 forearm bones

Front 22

radius - head

Back 22

articulates with capitulum of humerus & radial notch of ulna; pivots within anular
ligament permitting pronation & supination

Front 23

radius - neck

Back 23

articulates w/ humerus and ulna

Front 24

radial tuberosity

Back 24

insertion of the biceps brachii

Front 25

radius - ulnar notch

Back 25

distal articulation with the ulnar head

Front 26

radius - shaft

Back 26

enlarges towards wrist

Front 27

radius - styloid process

Back 27

lateral aspect at the distal end (larger & extends farther distally than
ulnar styloid process); insertion of brachioradialis

Front 28

Colles' fracture

Back 28

complete fracture of the distal 2cm of the radius

caused by forced dorsiflexion of the hand
aka dinner fork deformity, b/c distal fragment of the radius is displaced posteriorly

Front 29

nursemaid's elbow (pulled elbow)

Back 29

transient subluxation of the head of the radius(often in children b/c the head of the radius tends to be underdeveloped, easily displaced)

displaces bc anular ligament is torn

Front 30

ulna

Back 30

. Stabilizing bone of forearm; medial & longer of 2 forearm bones
2. Shaft thicker at proximal end, tapers toward distal end.
3. Does not reach the wrist, so not involved in wrist joint.

Front 31

ulna - head

Back 31

narrow distal end at wrist

Front 32

ulna - coronoid process

Back 32

anteriorly; insertion of the brachialis

Front 33

ulna - olecranon

Back 33

posteriorly

Front 34

ulna - trochlear notch

Back 34

articulates with trochlea of humerus

Front 35

ulna - ulnar tuberosity

Back 35

insertion of the brachialis

Front 36

ulna - radial notch

Back 36

articulates with the head of the radius

Front 37

ulna - styloid process

Back 37

distal projection of the ulna

Front 38

fascia of the anterior arm

Back 38

1. brachial fascia
2. Medial and lateral intermuscular septae

Front 39

medial and lateral intermuscular septae

Back 39

extends from deep surface of the brachial fascia and attaches to central shaft and supracondylar ridges of the humerus
divides arm into anterior flexor component and posterior extensor component

Front 40

superficial veins of the anterior arm

Back 40

cephalic vein
basilic vein
median cubital vein

Front 41

cephalic vein

Back 41

deltopectoral groove

origin: lateral dorsum of the hand
goes along lateral forearm, along lateral edge of biceps. Enters the deltopectoral grooe and joins with the subclavian vein.

Front 42

basilic vein

Back 42

Originates on the medial dorsum of the hand, courses along the medial forearm,
pierces the deep fascia in the distal arm to join the brachial vein to form the axillary vein

Front 43

median cubital vein

Back 43

Anastomoses of the cephalic & basilic veins in the cubital fossa

Front 44

cutaneous nerves of the anterior arm

Back 44

dermatome
intercostobrachial nerve
medial cutaneous nerve of the arm

Front 45

intercostobrachial nerve

Back 45

Lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal (T2) nerve that
provides sensation to the upper medial arm & axilla

Front 46

medial cutaneous nerve of the arm

Back 46

Branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus that
provides sensation to the medial arm

Front 47

biceps brachii - origin

Back 47

Short head – Coracoid process
Long head – Supraglenoid tubercle; tendon runs through intertubercular (bicipital)
groove and maintained in position by the transverse humeral ligament

Front 48

biceps brachii - insertion

Back 48

Radial tuberosity & forearm fascia via bicipital aponeurosis

Front 49

biceps brachii - action

Back 49

Supinates forearm; flexes arm & forearm (when supinated)

Front 50

biceps brachii - innervation

Back 50

musculocutaneous nerve

Front 51

biceps brachii - testing

Back 51

Flex the elbow against resistance when forearm is supinated

Front 52

biceps tendinitis

Back 52

inflammation of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii, which runs through the intertubercular groove of the humerus

Front 53

rupture of the long head of the biceps

Back 53

tendon is torn from its
attachment to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

The detached muscle belly forms a ball near the center of the distal part of the anterior aspect of the arm (“Popeye deformity”)

Front 54

brachialis - location

Back 54

deep to the biceps

Front 55

brachialis - origin

Back 55

Origin: Distal anterior humerus

Front 56

brachialis - insertion

Back 56

insertion: Ulnar tuberosity & coronoid process

Front 57

brachialis - action

Back 57

Action: Flexes forearm (primary flexor)

Front 58

brachialis - innervation

Back 58

Musculocutaneous nerve

Front 59

brachialis - testing

Back 59

Testing: Forearm is semipronated and flexed against resistance.

Front 60

coracobrachialis - origin

Back 60

Coracoid process of scapula

Front 61

coracobrachialis - insertion

Back 61

Medial surface of humerus

Front 62

coracobrachialis - action

Back 62

Adduction & flexion of the arm; stabilizes glenohumeral joint

Front 63

coracobrachialis - innervation

Back 63

Musculocutaneous nerve

Front 64

coracobrachialis - testing

Back 64

Shoulder flexion in lateral rotation with the elbow completely flexed and forearm
supinated.

Front 65

musculocutaneous nerve

Back 65

a. Terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.
b. Passes through coracobrachialis then runs between biceps brachii & brachialis, innervating all 3 muscles of the anterior compartment.
c. Distally it pierces the deep fascia to become the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, providing sensation for the lateral aspect of the forearm.

Front 66

musculocutaneous nerve damaged in the axilla - what is the result?

Back 66

result in paralysis of the coracobrachialis, biceps, and brachialis
muscles; consequently, flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm are greatly
weakened. Loss of sensation may occur on the lateral surface of the forearm

Front 67

median nerve

Back 67

a. Formed by the union of the medial & lateral cords of the brachial plexus.
b. Runs distally in the arm, initially on the lateral side of the brachial artery until it reaches
the mid-humerus, where it crosses to the medial side of the artery and runs along the
anterior surface of brachialis.
c. Descends into the cubital fossa medial to the bicipital tendon & brachial artery.
d. Runs deep to the bicipital aponeurosis & median cubital vein.

Front 68

ulnar nerve

Back 68

a. Arises from the medial cord of brachial plexus
b. Passes distally, anterior to the insertion of teres major and to the long head of the triceps,on the medial side of the brachial artery.
c. Around the middle of the arm, the nerve pierces the medial intramuscular septum (w/ the superior ulnar collateral artery), then travels in the posterior compartment of the arm, passing posterior to the medial epicondyle into the forearm, where it is vulnerable to injury.

Front 69

Brachial artery

Back 69

1. Continuation of the axillary artery, beginning at the inf. border of teres major.
2. Lies on the anterior surface of the coracobrachialis & brachialis muscles.
3. Courses with the median nerve.

Front 70

Brachial artery: branches

Back 70

1. deep artery of the arm
2. superior ulnar collateral artery
3. inferior ulnar collateral artery

Front 71

Deep artery of the arm

Back 71

i. Arises below teres major to course with the radial nerve in the radial groove.
ii. Chief blood supply to the arm; sends branches that contribute to the anastamoses of the shoulder & elbow.
iii. Courses posteriorly to become the radial collateral artery, which anastomoses with the radial recurrent artery.

Front 72

superior ulnar collateral artery

Back 72

i. Arises in the middle of the arm and follows the ulnar nerve.
ii. Courses posterior to the medial epicondyle to anastomose with the posterior ulnar recurrent artery.

Front 73

inferior ulnar collateral artery

Back 73

i. Arises above the elbow and passes anterior to the medial epicondyle.
ii. Provides an anastomoses with the anterior ulnar recurrent artery.

Front 74

deep veins - brachial veins

Back 74

1. Paired, deep veins on each side of the brachial artery.
2. Derived from union of radial & ulnar veins, returning blood from the forearm.
3. Merge with the basilic vein to form the axillary vein.

Front 75

cubital fossa

Back 75

Shallow, triangular depression on the anterior surface of the elbow.

Front 76

cubital fossa - boundaries

Back 76

1. Superior – imaginary line between medial & lateral epicondyles of the humerus
2. Lateral – brachioradialis muscle
3. Medial – pronator teres muscle
4. Roof – deep fascia & bicipital aponeurosis
5. Floor – brachialis & supinator muscles

Front 77

cubital fossa - contents

Back 77

1. Biceps tendon (easy to palpate)
2. Brachial artery & veins
3. Median nerve
4. Radial nerve (with deep & superficial branches)
5. Within the roof of the fossa:
a. Median cubital vein
b. Basilic & cephalic veins
c. Medial & lateral cutaneous nerves of the forearm

Front 78

clinical significance of median cubital vein

Back 78

common site for drawing venous blood samples and
intravenous injections because of its prominence and accessibility

Front 79

lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Back 79

– continuation
of the musculocutaneous nerve that supplies the anterolateral & posterolateral forearm.

Front 80

medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Back 80

a branch of the medial cord that courses with the brachial artery in the arm and becomes cutaneous near
the basilic vein; supplies anteromedial & posteromedial forearm.

Front 81

Musculature of the Anterior Compartment – Flexor/Pronator muscles - Superficial group (4)

Back 81

all originate from a common flexor tendon attached to the median epicondyle.

1. pronator teres
2. flexor carpi radialis
3. palmaris longus
4. flexor carpi ulnaris

Front 82

Musculature of the Anterior Compartment – Flexor/Pronator muscles - Intermediate group (1)

Back 82

Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)

Front 83

Musculature of the Anterior Compartment – Flexor/Pronator muscles - Deep group (3)

Back 83

flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus (FPL)
pronator quadratus

Front 84

Pronator teres - origin

Back 84

Ulnar head – Coronoid process of ulna

Humeral head – Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)

Front 85

Pronator teres - insertion

Back 85

Lateral part of radius

Front 86

Pronator teres - action

Back 86

Pronates forearm (speed & power); Flexes forearm (at elbow)

Front 87

Pronator teres - innervation

Back 87

Median nerve (between 2 heads)

Front 88

Pronator teres - testing

Back 88

Flex forearm at elbow. Pronate from supinated position against resistance.

Front 89

flexor carpi radialis - origin

Back 89

Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)

Front 90

flexor carpi radialis - insertion

Back 90

Base of 2nd metacarpal

Front 91

flexor carpi radialis - action

Back 91

Flexes & abducts hand (at wrist)

Front 92

flexor carpi radialis - innervation

Back 92

median nerve

Front 93

flexor carpi radialis - testing

Back 93

Flex wrist against resistance.

Front 94

Palmaris longus - origin

Back 94

Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)

Front 95

Palmaris longus - insertion

Back 95

Palmar aponeurosis & distal flexor retinaculum

Front 96

Palmaris longus - action

Back 96

Flexes hand (at wrist) and tenses palmar aponeurosis

Front 97

Palmaris longus - innervation

Back 97

Median nerve

Front 98

Palmaris longus - testing

Back 98

Flex wrist and tightly pinch little finger & thumb together.

Front 99

Flexor carpi ulnaris - origin

Back 99

Humeral – Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)

Ulnar head – Olecranon & posterior border (via aponeurosis)

Front 100

Flexor carpi ulnaris - insertion

Back 100

Pisiform, hook of hamate, 5 metacarpal

Front 101

Flexor carpi ulnaris - action

Back 101

Flexes & adducts hand (at wrist)

Front 102

Flexor carpi ulnaris - innervation

Back 102

Ulnar nerve

Front 103

Flexor carpi ulnaris - testing

Back 103

Place posterior forearm & hand on table. Flex wrist against resistance.

Front 104

Flexor digitorum superficialis - origin

Back 104

Medial epicondyle, coronoid process, & oblique line of radius

Front 105

Flexor digitorum superficialis - insertion

Back 105

Shafts of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Front 106

Flexor digitorum superficialis - action

Back 106

Flexes wrist, metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints, proximal interphalangeal (PIP)
joints of digits 2-5

Front 107

Flexor digitorum superficialis - innervation

Back 107

Median nerve

Front 108

Flexor digitorum superficialis - testing

Back 108

Flex one finger at PIP joint against resistance while holding remaining 3 digits in
extended position

Front 109

Flexor Digitorum Profundus - origin

Back 109

Ulna & interosseous membrane

Front 110

Flexor Digitorum Profundus - insertion

Back 110

Distal phalanx of digits 2-5

Front 111

Flexor Digitorum Profundus - action

Back 111

Flexes distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of digits 2-5; assists wrist flexion

Front 112

Flexor Digitorum Profundus - innervation

Back 112

Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve) (digits 2-3)

Ulnar nerve (digits 4-5)

Front 113

Flexor Digitorum Profundus - testing

Back 113

Hold PIP joint in extended position. Flex the DIP joint. Test digit 2 for integrity
of median nerve. Test digit 4 for integrity of ulnar nerve.

Front 114

Flexor Pollicis Longus - origin

Back 114

Anterior surface of radius & interosseous membrane

Front 115

Flexor Pollicis Longus - insertion

Back 115

Distal phalanx of thumb

Front 116

Flexor Pollicis Longus - action

Back 116

Flexes thumb

Front 117

Flexor Pollicis Longus - innervation

Back 117

Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve)

Front 118

Flexor Pollicis Longus - testing

Back 118

Distal phalanx is flexed against resistance while proximal phalanx is held.

Front 119

Pronator Quadratus - origin

Back 119

Distal ¼ of anterior surface of ulna

Front 120

Pronator Quadratus - insertion

Back 120

Distal ¼ of anterior surface or radius

Front 121

Pronator Quadratus - action

Back 121

Pronates forearm

Front 122

Pronator Quadratus - innervation

Back 122

Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve)

Front 123

Pronator Quadratus - testing

Back 123

Pronation of the forearm with the elbow completely flexed.

Front 124

Golfer’s Elbow (medial epicondylitis)

Back 124

overuse injury affecting the
flexor-pronator muscle origin at the anterior medial epicondyle of the humerus. It results in pain and tenderness on the medial side of the elbow. Since these muscles originate from a common tendon, pressure is placed there during repeated wrist flexion.

Front 125

Pronator Syndrome

Back 125

nerve entrapment syndrome, caused by compression
of the median nerve between the two head of the pronator teres. It presents with pain &
tenderness in the proximal aspect of the anterior forearm and hyperthesia of the palmar aspects of the lateral 3 ½ digits & adjacent palm. It is usually due to muscular hypertrophy from repetitive elbow movements.

Front 126

Ulnar artery

Back 126

a. Forms in the cubital fossa, running under the deep head of pronator teres to give rise to the
anterior & posterior ulnar recurrent arteries, which anastomose with the ulnar
collateral arteries.
b. Gives rise to the common interosseous artery, which then divides into:
i. Anterior interosseous artery – courses with the anterior interosseous nerve
ii. Posterior interosseous artery – courses over the interosseous membrane to run with
the posterior interosseous nerve in the deep posterior forearm
c. Courses deep to pronator teres & flexor carpi ulnaris.
d. Enters the wrist lateral to the pisiform bone with the ulnar nerve.
e. Branches into palmar carpal arch, superficial palmar arch; contributes to deep palmar arch.

Front 127

clawhand injury

Back 127

A distal lesion of the ulnar nerve results in a clawhand injury, where the
patient cannot make a fist because of loss of flexion of the 4th & 5th digits at the DIP joints.
They also cannot extend the interphalangeal joints when trying to straighten the fingers. The deformity results from atrophy of the interosseous muscles of the hand supplied by the ulnar nerve. The claw is produced by the unopposed action of the extensors & FDP.