Ant408 Ear Vestibulocochlear

Front 1

the external ear contains what two components?

Back 1

auricle or pinna and the external auditory meatus

Front 2

the middle ear contains what two components?

Back 2

Tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess

Front 3

the inner ear contains what two components?

Back 3

bony and membranous labyrinth

Front 4

What is the innervation of the auricle? (5 components)

Back 4

1.Auricular branch of Vagus (CN X) concha and posterioinferior tube. 2. facial nerve (CN VII) concha. 3. Auriculotemporal (CN V3) tragus, antihelix, 9 am to 5 pm surface of tube and external tympanic membrane. 4. Great auricular (C2 C3) helix and cranial (medial surface). 5. Lesser occipital (C2 C3) upper part of cranial (medial surface).

Front 5

what is the arterial suply to the auricle?

Back 5

posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries.

Front 6

what is the lympahtic drainage of the auricle for the lateral surface of the superior half?

Back 6

supericial parotid lymph nodes

Front 7

what is the lympahtic drainage of the auricle for the cranial surface of the superior half?

Back 7

mastoid and deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 8

what is the lympahtic drainage of the auricle for the inferior half, including the lobule?

Back 8

superficial cervical lymph nodes

Front 9

What thirds of the External Auditory Meatus are cartilaginous or bony?

Back 9

Lateral 1/3rd is cartilagenous. Medial 2/3rd bone of temporal bone

Front 10

Lateral part of the external auditory meatus lined by skin with hairs, sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands, similar to ____ sweat glands

Back 10

apocrine

Front 11

TRUE FALSE - eccrine sweat glands are found only within the lateral part part of the external auditory meatus?

Back 11

FALSE - sebaceous and ceruminous (like apocrine) sweat glands only. No eccrine.

Front 12

what is cerumen?

Back 12

ear wax

Front 13

What is the External Auditory Meatus Innervation?

Back 13

1. Mainly auriculotemporal nerve. (CN V3) 2. Some small vagal branches (CN X) (which is why some people gag apparently) 3. Minor innervation by facial nerve (VII)

Front 14

what is the External part of tympanic membrane innervated by?

Back 14

Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)

Front 15

What is the tympanic membrane's inner surface innervated by?

Back 15

Inner surface is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, the branch is the tympanic nerve! CN IX

Front 16

What is the tympanic membrane's outer surface innervated by?

Back 16

Outer surface innervated mainly by the auriculotemporal nerve CN V3 (9am to 5 pm) and small contribution by the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. CN X

Front 17

Bulging, red tympanic membrane may indicate middle ear infection, also known as what?

Back 17

otitis media

Front 18

More common in younger children because their ____ ____ have a narrower angle and therefore, drainage from the middle ear cavity to the pharynx is impaired.

Back 18

pharyngotympanic tubes

Front 19

What infection can cause a perforation of tympanic membrane?

Back 19

middle ear infections, otitis media

Front 20

Clinical Note: Otitis Media - Incision is made in the ___ ____ part of the membrane to avoid injuring the chorda tympani and tympanostomy tube placed

Back 20

posteroinferior

Front 21

What nerves innervate the inner and outer surfaces of the tympanic membrane?

Back 21

outer – auriculotemporal and auricular branch of X. AND Inner – glossopharyngeal

Front 22

What nerve must be avoided when making an incision into the tympanic membrane and placing the tympanostomy tube?

Back 22

Chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)

Front 23

If the chorda tympani nerve were damaged, what deficits would it cause?

Back 23

Loss of taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and loss of salivation from the submandibular and sublingual glands

Front 24

the tendon of the stapedius muscle is innervated by what nerve?

Back 24

facial nerve (VII)

Front 25

the tendon of the tensor tympani muscle is innervated by what nerve?

Back 25

trigeminal nerve CN V

Front 26

where does the chorda tympani sit in reference to the malleus?

Back 26

behind the angle of malleus?

Front 27

The middle ear Anteriorly connects to what and by what passage?

Back 27

pharynx via the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustacian tube)

Front 28

the middle ear Posteriorly, connects to what cells via what antrum?

Back 28

mastoid cells via the mastoid antrum

Front 29

what is the innervation of the middle ear?

Back 29

Innervation of middle ear cavity, including inner surface of tympanic cavity, is by tympanic nerve (CN IX).

Front 30

short wavelengths from high-pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near or far to the oval window?

Back 30

Near. Deeper -pitched long wave lengths will travel further from the oval indow before crossing the basilar membrane.

Front 31

what is the purpose of the round window?

Back 31

dampening of sound that has already been processed by passing through the basilar membrane.

Front 32

what is the roof of the tympanic cavity?

Back 32

tegmental roof - temporal bone

Front 33

what is the floor of the tympanic cavity?

Back 33

jugular floor - thin layer of bone separates cavity from superior bulb of IJV

Front 34

what is the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity?

Back 34

membranous lateral wall - tympanic membrane

Front 35

what is the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?

Back 35

labryrinthe medial wall - nerve plexus, oval and round windows, facial nerve canal, base of cochlea

Front 36

what is the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity?

Back 36

mastoid posterior wall - aditus to the mastoid process, bony cone where stapedius muscle comes out, chorda tympani exits through this wall

Front 37

what is the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity?

Back 37

carotid anterior wall - separates the cavity from the carotid canal with internal carotid a. canal for tensor tympani muscle, opening of Eustachain tube.

Front 38

Tensor tympani – is attached to what?

Back 38

handle of malleus – tenses tympanic membrane and thereby attenuates sound

Front 39

what muscle in the tympanic cavity is Innervated by trigeminal nerve, mandibular division V3?

Back 39

tensor tympani

Front 40

Stapedius – attaches to what?>

Back 40

the neck of the stapes and thereby prevent excessive movement of the stapes

Front 41

what muscle in the tympanic cavity is Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)?

Back 41

stapedius muscle

Front 42

what is hyperacusis?

Back 42

oversensitivity to certain frequencies of sound

Front 43

A neuroma in what nerve would cause hyperacusis?

Back 43

neroma of facial nerve, the innervation to the stapedius, which is responsible for preventing excessive movement of the stapes (which knocks on oval window)

Front 44

what can lead to mastoiditis?, an inflammation of the mastoid antrum and air cells.

Back 44

Otitis media

Front 45

Mastoiditis can spread ____ into the middle cranial cavity.

Back 45

superiorly

Front 46

in ear development, At 22 days of development there is a thickening of the surface ____.

Back 46

ectoderm

Front 47

in ear development, otic _____ invaginate to form otic or auditory vesicle

Back 47

placode

Front 48

in development, auditory vesicle divides into what two parts? (dorsal and ventral)

Back 48

1. ventral component gives rise to the saccule and cochlear duct 2. dorsal component forms the utricle, semicircular canals and endolymphatic duct

Front 49

ossicles develop by what type of bone formation?

Back 49

endochondral

Front 50

What are the three small bones of the ossicles? (and aka)

Back 50

1. Malleus (hammer) 2. Incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (stirrup)

Front 51

What is the embryonic origin (arch and cartilage) for the Malleus?

Back 51

1st arch cartilage. Meckel’s cartilage

Front 52

What is the embryonic origin (arch and cartilage) for the Incus?

Back 52

1st arch cartilage. Meckel’s cartilage

Front 53

What is the embryonic origin (arch and cartilage) for the Stapes?

Back 53

2nd arch cartilage. Reichert cartilage

Front 54

The inner ear has a two labryinths. One ___ and one _____.

Back 54

bony; membranous

Front 55

the bony labryinth of the inner ear is within what?

Back 55

petrous portion of temporal bone

Front 56

the bony labryinth of the inner ear is made up of and contains what?

Back 56

1 semicircular canals, 2 vestibule, 3 cochlea, (contains PERILPYMPH! Need to know this)

Front 57

the membranous labryinth of the inner ear is made up of and contains what?

Back 57

1. cochlear duct, 2. saccule, 3. utricle, 4. semicircular ducts, 5. endolymphatic duct. (contains ENDOLYMPH! Need to know this)

Front 58

In the development of the ear - the otic placode forms from what?

Back 58

ectoderm

Front 59

In the development of the ear - what invaginates into the underlying mesenchyme?

Back 59

otic placode

Front 60

In the development of the ear - What forms the otic vessicle?

Back 60

otic placode

Front 61

In the development of the ear - what Vesicle divides into utricle and saccule of membranous labyrinth?

Back 61

otic vessicle

Front 62

In the development of the ear - Utricle give rise to what?

Back 62

semicircular ducts.

Front 63

in the development of the ear - Saccule gives rise to what?

Back 63

cochlear duct.

Front 64

what detects head position (linear acceleration) and head movement (angular acceleration).

Back 64

The vestibular apparatus

Front 65

Linear acceleration (head position) is detected by specialized regions of what type of cells?

Back 65

neuroepithelial cells called maculae.

Front 66

where are maculae locate?

Back 66

in the utricle and saccule.

Front 67

the maculae are oriented ____ to one another.

Back 67

perpendicular, at right angles. Can detect tilt.

Front 68

Hair cells of the maculae have ___ cilium and an average of ____ long stereocilia.

Back 68

1;60

Front 69

hair cells of the maculae have surface specializations that are embedded in what?

Back 69

cupula - a gelatinous matrix.

Front 70

hair cells of the maculae have surface specializations of gelatinous matrix that have what embedded in the matrix?

Back 70

calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths.

Front 71

Gravity causes the weight of the ____ to distort the gelatinous matrix and thereby causes the receptor cells to fire.

Back 71

otoliths

Front 72

TRUE FALSE - there are no otoliths in the gelatinous matrix.

Back 72

TRUE

Front 73

The ____ system plays an essential role in controlling eye movements.

Back 73

vestibular

Front 74

Vestibular nuclei in the brainstem are connected by a pathway, which is what?, to the oculomotor nuclei (cranial nerve nuclei VI, IV, and III).

Back 74

the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

Front 75

Damage to the vestibular system or its connections with the cerebellum can cause pathological ____.

Back 75

nystagmus.

Front 76

In vestibular nystagmus, what happens?

Back 76

the eyes move slowly toward the side of damage and then rapidly snap back.

Front 77

What can cause nystagmus?

Back 77

Alcohol and other intoxicants

Front 78

The semicircular canals are set at ____ angles to each other and are oriented in three different planes.

Back 78

right, perpendicula, 90 degrees

Front 79

The semicircular canals have specialized dilations, the _____ which contain a ridge of neuroepithelial cells (hair cells) called the crista _____.

Back 79

ampullae; crista ampullaris

Front 80

Their cilia and stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous matrix which forms a conical structure called the _____.

Back 80

cupula

Front 81

The semicircular canals are responsible for detecting what?

Back 81

head movements (angular acceleration).

Front 82

What disease causes Recurrent attacks of vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in ears)?

Back 82

Meniere’s Disease

Front 83

when is Meniere's disease most common?

Back 83

Most common in 4th and 5th decade.

Front 84

In Meniere's disease, Attacks may last for a few moments to a number of _____.

Back 84

hours

Front 85

A consistent feature of what disease is endolymphatic hydrops, an increase in the volume of endolymph.

Back 85

Meniere’s Disease

Front 86

An 8th nerve neuroma will have similar symptoms to what disease?

Back 86

Meniere’s Disease - Recurrent attacks of vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in ears)?

Front 87

Auditory apparatus captures and conducts ___.

Back 87

sound.

Front 88

Middle ear ossicles convert what?

Back 88

sound waves to fluid waves.

Front 89

Fluid waves of the middle ear travel through ____.

Back 89

perilymph.

Front 90

Perilymph is not ____ and so transmits wave with relative fidelity.

Back 90

compressible

Front 91

what is a spiral, 2.5 turns over a distance of 35mm?

Back 91

Cochlea

Front 92

The central core of the spiral of the chochlea is a bony structure known as what?

Back 92

the modiolus.

Front 93

What contains the spiral ganglion and the acoustic portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) in the middle ear?

Back 93

the modiolus.

Front 94

Suspended within the bony cochlea is what duct and what is it called?

Back 94

membranous cochlear duct or scala media.

Front 95

The Cochlea (snail) is how long when unraveled?

Back 95

35 mm long

Front 96

Human cochlea is ___ turns and about 35mm long if it were uncoiled.

Back 96

2.5 turns

Front 97

Fluid wave travels through the cochlea from base to apex or from apex to base?

Back 97

base to apex.

Front 98

the cochlea is divided into what three spaces? (and where relative to cochlear duct?)

Back 98

1. scala vestibuli - above the cochlear duct. 2. scala media = cochlear duct. 3. scala tympani - below the cochlear duct

Front 99

waves of pressure created in the perilymph of the vestibule by the vibrations of the base of the stapes ascend to the apex of the cochlea by one channel, the scala ____.

Back 99

scala vestibuli

Front 100

pressure waves pass through the helicotrema and then descend back to the basal turn of the cochlea by a single channel, ____.

Back 100

scala tympani

Front 101

the roof of the cochlear duct is formed by the ____ membrane.

Back 101

vestibular

Front 102

the floor of the cochlear duct is formed by the ____ membrane.

Back 102

basilar

Front 103

Scala vestibuli and tympani contain _____ and are part of the bony labyrinth.

Back 103

perilymph

Front 104

Scala media (cochlear duct) contains ____ and is part of the membranous labyrinth.

Back 104

endolymph

Front 105

the organ of Corti rests on the ____ membrane.

Back 105

basilar

Front 106

The organ of Cortis has ___ rows of outer hair cells

Back 106

three

Front 107

each hair cell of the organ of Corti has a W-shaped array of ____.

Back 107

stereocilia

Front 108

The organ of Cortis has ___ rows of inner hair cells

Back 108

one

Front 109

in the organ of Corti, ___ to ___ stereocilia arranged in a V-shape.

Back 109

50-60

Front 110

outer and inner pillar cells of the Organ of Corti works as a what?

Back 110

a fulcrum for the tectorial membrane to rock upon. Form a triangle.

Front 111

TRUE FALSE - hair cells of the organ of Corti have KINOCILIA

Back 111

NO KINOCILIA, these are high points of the hair cells, and are found in the vestibular system, not the auditory cochlear system.

Front 112

Function of the Organ of Corti?

Back 112

provide pitch using unique structure

Front 113

What does Tonotopic mean?

Back 113

having a spatial arrangement such that certain tone frequencies are transmitted along a particular portion of the structure, as in the cochlear nuclei.

Front 114

____ deflection of basilar membrane causes it to move relative to the tectorial membrane.

Back 114

Tonotopic

Front 115

The pillar cells are stiff because of their high content of ____ and they act as a fulcrum for the movement of tectorial membrane.

Back 115

microtubules

Front 116

The stereocilia of the outer and inner hair cells which are embedded in the tectorial membrane undergo what that cause them to depolarize?

Back 116

sheer stresses

Front 117

Constant exposure to loud sounds at specific frequencies can damage hair cells that detect those particular frequencies causing what?

Back 117

hearing loss

Front 118

TRUE FALSE - Hair cells in quails do not regenerate

Back 118

FALSE. They do not regenerate in humans, but apparently do in quails

Front 119

Vestibulocochlear nerve may be injured at its entrance into the brainstem by what?

Back 119

a Schwann cell tumor, Schwannoma. Acoustic neoroma - May involve facial nerve and thereby cause a Bell’s palsy

Front 120

what is a Acoustic neuroma?

Back 120

A vestibular schwannoma, often called an acoustic neuroma, is a benign primary intracranial tumor of the myelin-forming cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 121

the eustachain tube is lined with what type of epithelium?

Back 121

pseudostrat columnar, 1/5th of it with goblet cells

Front 122

TRUE FALSE the cochlea is superior to the vestibule.

Back 122

INFERIOR