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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What develops from the Forebrain Telencephalon?
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i. cerebral cortex, ii. Basal ganglia. iii. Laterail ventricles (remnants of primary vessicle)
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what develops from the forebrain Diencephalon?
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i. thalamus, ii. Hypothalamus, iii. Pineal, iv. 3rd ventricle (remnant of primary).
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what develops from the Midbrain?
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besides itself, the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) a remnant of the primary midbrain vessicle.
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what develops from the hindbrain - metencephalon?
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i. pons, ii. Cerebellum, iii. 4th ventricle (remnant of primary)
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what develops from the hindbrain - myencephalon?
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medulla oblongota
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The brain is derived from the ____ ____ rostral (cranial) to the 4th pair of somites
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neural tube
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Precentral gyrus – has mainly what function?
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primary motor
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Postcentral gyrus - has mainly what function?
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sensory
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Superior gyrus of temporal lobe – has mainly what function?
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audition, sound
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occipital lobe, on banks of calcarine fissure - has mainly what function?
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Vision
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what function is the cortex in the prefrontal gyrus, Brodmann’s area 4?
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Primary motor
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Axons from “upper motor neurons” of the ___ ___, leave the cortex, descend in the internal capsule, through the cerebral peduncle, into the pons and medulla where they are in the pyramids. The fibers cross (90%) in the pyramidal decussation.
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prefrontal/precentral gyrus/motor cortex
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from the medulla, the motor cortex neurons Descend in the corticospinal tract and synapse on motor neurons where?
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in the ventral horn.
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Postcentral gyrus, Brodmann’s areas 3,1,2 is what type of cortex?
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primary sensory
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of the postcentral gyrus, Dorsal columns – carry what sensations?
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discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibratory sense
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of the postcentral gyrus, Anteriolateral (spinothalamic) system – carry what sensations?
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crude touch, pain and temperature, primitive
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of the post central gyrus, Systems cross either in the brainstem (which columns?) or in the spinal cord (which columns?) both relay where?
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dorsal columns, anterolateral columns. Thalamus
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of corticospinal tracts of the motor cortex, the lateral tracts cross where and innervate muscle primarily where?
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cross in the pyramidal decussation of the medulla, and innervate neurons of limbs, (lower motor neurons)
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of corticospinal tracts of the motor cortex, the anteromedial tracts cross where and provide motor to what muscle group?
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cross in the spinal cord, and innervate neurons of trunk, (upper motor neurons)
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Injury of corticospinal system (pyramidal tract) anywhere above the pyramidal decussation causes _____ paralysis. Injury below the pyramidal decussation will cause ____ paralysis below the lesion.
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contralteral, ipsilateral
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Injury to the spinal cord will cause loss of pain and temperature sense on the ____ side below the lesion. Such an injury will cause ____ loss of fine (discriminative) touch, proprioception and vibration below the lesion.
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contralateral, ipsilateral
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what are Two arterial systems that contribute to the blood supply of the brain?
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Internal carotid artery, vertebral artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. Which artery comes off the common carotid?
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Internal carotid artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. which main artery enters the cranial cavity via the carotid canal?
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Internal carotid artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. Which one of these Supplies primarily the orbit, eye and brain?
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Internal carotid artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. Which one of these is the 1st branch off of the subclavian?
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Vertebral artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. Which one of these Travels through the transverse foramina of C6-C1?
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Vertebral artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. Which one of these enters foramen magnum?
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Vertebral artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. Which one of these joins artery of opposite side to form basilar artery?
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Vertebral artery
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Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the brain. Which one of these is the main supply to the cerebellum?
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Vertebral artery
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what are the 3 branches of the vertebral artery?
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anterior and posterior spinal a. AND posterior inferior cerebellar a. (import clinically, provides blood supply to lateral part of medulla)
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the vertebral artery fuses to form the basilar artery on the inferior surface of the ____.
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pons
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which artery Travels rostrally on the anterior aspect of the pons?
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basilar artery
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the basilar bifurcates and terminates into what two arteries?
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posterior cerebellar arteries
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the basilar Gives rise to paired arterial branches from caudal to rostral, which are?
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APSP, anterior inferior cerebellar, Pontine, superior cerebellar, posterior cerebellar
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the Internal Carotid Artery passes through which sinus?
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Passes through the cavernous sinus
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what is the 1st branch of the internal carotid?
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First branch is the ophthalmic artery
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what are the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery?
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posterior communicating, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral
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which artery Gives branches to walls of cavernous sinus, pituitary gland, and trigeminal ganglion; provides primary supply to brain?
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Internal carotid
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which artery supplies Cerebral hemispheres, except for occipital lobes
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Anterior cerebral
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which artery supplies Most of lateral surface of cerebral hemispheres?
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Middle cerebral
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which artery is a Continuation of internal carotid artery distal to anterior cerebral artery?
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Middle cerebral
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which artery supplies Cranial meninges and cerebellum?
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Vertebral
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which artery supplies Brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum?
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Basilar
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which artery supplies the Interior aspect of cerebral hemisphere and occipital lobe?
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Posterior cerebral
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which artery supplies the Optic tract, cerebral peduncle, internal capsule, and thalamus?
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Posterior communicating
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what is the Anastomosis between the vertebrobasilar and internal carotid systems called?
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Circle of Willis
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What nerve comes between the posterior and superior cerebellar arteries?
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CN III Occulomotor nerve, (so an aneurysm of these blood vessels could knock out vision.)
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the abducent nerve could be pinched by an aneurysm of which cerebral artery?
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Ant Inf c.a.
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optic nerve could be pinched by what two arteries if an aneurysm occurred?
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positions between middle c.a. (continuation of int carotid), and Ant c.a.
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the falx cerebri is Attached anteriorly to the ____ ___ of the ethmoid bone and the frontal crest of the frontal bone
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Crista galli
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Posteriorly, attaches and blends with what structure?
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the tentorium cerebelli
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a dilated lateral ventricle, as shown in the slides, could be caused by what disease?
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alzheimer's
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what is the Horizontal shelf of meningeal dura called?
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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what Separates the cerebellum? And which rests in the posterior cranial fossa from the ovelying posterior lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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the tentorium Attaches posteriorly to the ____ bone.
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occipital
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the tentorium cerebelli Laterally attaches to the superior border of the petrous part of the ____ bone.
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temporal
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Anterior and medial borders of the tentorum cerebelli are free, forming the tentorial notch through which the ____ passes.
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midbrain
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what travels In the Tentorial Notch?
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CN IV travels in the edge of this notch. Midbrain. Basilar artery
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Transtentorial herniation – is a herniation of what two things through the notch?
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the medial temporal lobe and uncus through the notch
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What is the triad of an uncal herniation?
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1. Blown pupil –ipsilateral, dilated unresponsive pupil. 2. Hemiplegia – compression of the cerebral peduncles. 3. Coma – due to distortion of the midbrain reticular system (all caused by pressure on the midbrain)
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these three things are common of what? 1. Blown pupil –ipsilateral, dilated unresponsive pupil. 2. Hemiplegia – compression of the cerebral peduncles. 3. Coma – due to distortion of the midbrain reticular system
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Uncal herniation is heralded by this clinical triad. (caused by pressure on the midbrain)
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Which herniation is incompatible with life?
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Tonsilar herniation – herniation of the cerebellar tonsil through the foramen magnum - kills respiratory systems (stops breathing), some cardiovascular system
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what separates the two hemispheres? Is Attached posteriorly to the internal occipital crest of the occipital bone? Superiorly attached to the tentorium cerebelli?
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Falx Cerebelli
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what is the Small horizontal shelf of meningeal dura mater that covers the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica?
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Diaphragma Sellae
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Infundibulum passes through a small opening in the sella turcica. The dural shelf associated with this is the what?
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Diaphragma Sellae
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the optic chiasm is immediately anterior to the ____ which is herniated might be able to erode through sela tercica.
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infundibulum
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Anterior cranial fossa gets what arterial supply to its dura mater?
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anterior meningeal arteries
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anterior meningeal arteries are branches of what arteries?
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Branches of ethmoidal arteries
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Middle cranial fossa gers what arterial supply for its dura mater?
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Middle and accessory meningeal
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Middle and accessory meningeal is a branch of what artery?
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Branches of maxillary artery
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Middle meningeal a. enters skull through the foramen ____.
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spinosum
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Accessory artery enters through the foramen ____.
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ovale
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Posterior meningeal is a branch of what artery?
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Branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
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an epidural bleed (extradural hemorrage) is Usually caused by what?, and slowly separates the perosteal dura from the bone.
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tearing of the middle meningeal artery, particularly anterior branch, from trauma to the pterion
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Blood collects between the bone of the calvarium and the periosteal later of dura - creating a what shape of blood on the inside of the calvarium?
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a lens-shaped accumulation
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Brain has (SOME or NONE) touch or pain receptors.
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none and therefore is insensate.
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dura is Mostly innervated by the ____ nerve except for the posterior fossa
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trigeminal
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sensory of the dura is done by the Cervical nerves 2 and 3 for what region?
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posterior fossa below the tentorium
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sensory to the dura travels thru fibers that enter via what 3 openings?
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foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen.
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Arachnoid Mater, Thin, avascular membrane, not adherent to dura, but against. This is a POTENTIAL SPACE, the subdural space. Blood from torn veins fills the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid mater. So instead of a EPIDURAL bleed, this is a _____.
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subdural bleed
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Fine ____ attach arachnoid to pia
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trabeculae
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Blood vessels travel in which space?
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subarachnoid
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will a subdural or epidural bleed occur more often in an older individual?
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subdural. Brain is atrophied and therefore more space between the brain and arachnoid. Vessels can be torn.
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a subdural bleed is arterial or venous blood?
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venous usually
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what is the shape of a hemorrage from a subdural bleed?
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crescent shaped.
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subarachnoid bleeds are venous or arterial blood?
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arterial
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what type of bleed May be the result of SIGNIFICANT head trauma, OR is More frequently caused by the bursting of a cerebral aneurysm?
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subarachnoid bleed
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an MRI with a cloudy image of bleeding is what type of bleed?
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subarachnoid
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what causes a subarachnoid bleed?
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May be the result of SIGNIFICANT head trauma, OR is More frequently caused by the bursting of a cerebral aneurysm
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what are the names of the Four typical sites of herniation?
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1. subfalcine, 2. central, 3. uncal, 4. tonsilar
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where is a Subfalcine herniation?
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under the falx cerebri
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in what direction is the Central herniation?
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downward herniation of the brainstem
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An Uncal herniation is what?
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Herniation of the medial temporal lobe and the uncus through the tentorial notch
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A Tonsilar herniation is what?
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is a herniation of the cerebellar tonsil through the foramen magnum
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Where do dural sinus eventually drain?
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Empty into the internal jugular veins via the jugular foramen.
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The two cavernous sinuses lie lateral to the body of the _____ bone on either side of the sella turcica
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sphenoid
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what passes through the cavernous sinus?
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internal carotid. Abducens nerve.
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what is In the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?
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1. Oculomotor nerve 2. Trochlear nerve 3.Trigeminal, ophthalmic division (V1) 4. Trigeminal, maxillary division (V2)
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what trigeminal nerve division is not within the cavernous sinus?
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V3!
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Which nerve sits directly beneath the internal carotid within the cavernous sinus?
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abducent nerve (VI)
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in which ventricle is CSF made?
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lateral ventricles
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how many cc's of CSF is made a day?
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500
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what is the flow of CSF from the lateral ventricles?
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Flows via the foramina of Monro to the third ventricle > From third ventricle, flows via the aqueduct of Sylvius to the 4th ventricle > Leaves the 4th ventricle via the median foramen of Magendie and the two lateral foramina of Lushka > Reabsorbed in the arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus
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where is CSF resorbed?
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superior sagittal sinus
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what Can be due to congenital obstruction of aqueduct of Sylvius (Tumors can block the aqueduct)?
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Hydrocephalus
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