Ant2511.summer.2011.exam1

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ANTHROPOLOGY

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STUDY OF HUMANKIND

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SUB-FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

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1.CULTURAL
2. ARCHAEOLOGY
3. PHYSICAL
4.LINGUISTICS
5. APPLIED (INCLUDES ALL)

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ETHNOGRAPHY

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COMPARES NUMEROUS CULTURES

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ETHNOGRAPHERS

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DESCRIBES ONE PARTICULAR GROUP

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ARCHAEOLOGY

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STUDYS MATERIAL REMAINS

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LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

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STUDIES HUMAN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE

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PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

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STUDY OF 'HUMAN BIOLOGY' FROM A BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

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SUB-FIELDS IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

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1) PALEOANTHROPOLOGY- STUDY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION AS EVIDENCE BY FOSSIL RECORD.
2) PRIMATOLOGY- STUDY OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES.
3) OSTEOLOGY- STUDIES SKELETONS
4) PALEOPATHOLGY- SUBDIVISION OF OSTEOLOGY. STUDY OF DISEASE AND INJURY
5) FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY- APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY TO LEGAL MATTERS

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PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY & THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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INVOLVED AN 'EMPIRICAL' (RELYING ON EXPERIMENT) APPROACH.

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SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH

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A) PROBLEM IS IDENTIFIED
B) HYPOTHESIS IS TESTED
C) IF HYPOTHESIS IS VERIFIED, IT BECOMES A THEORY

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THEORY

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BROAD STATEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC RELATIONSHIPS THAT HAS BEEN PARTIALLY VERIFIED THROUGH RIGOROUS TESTING

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SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY

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EXERCISE IN RATIONAL THOUGHT AND CRITICAL THINKING

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THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

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SAYS THAT HUMANS CAN ONLY BE UNDERSTOOD BY BROADENING OUR PERSPECTIVE OVER:
1) SPACE
2) TIME

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RELATIVISTIC VIEW

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CULTURES HAVE MERITS WITHIN THEIR OWN HISTORIC CONTEXT

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EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

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STANDS AS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL UNIFYING FORCE IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

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THEORY OF EVOLUTION

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1) VERIFIED THROUGH EVIDENCE
2) SUPPORTED BY GENETIC EVIDENCE

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EUROPEAN WORLD VIEW

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1) NATURE-FORMS OF LIFE NEVER CHANGED
2) LIFE-FORMS COULDN'T CHANGE
3)BRIEF EXISTENCE OF EARTH

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CAROLUS LINNAEUS

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1) CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
2) SYSTEMA NATURAE
3) BASIS OF TAXONOMY TODAY

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JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

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1) INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
2) FIRST ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN EVOLUTION

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GEORGES CUVIER

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1) CONCEPT OF EXTINCTION TO EXPLAIN FOSSILS
2) CATASTROPHISM

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CHARLES LYELL

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1) FOUNDER OF MODERN GEOLOGY
2) PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY
3) UNIFORMITARIANISM

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CHARLES DARWIN

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1) DEVELOPED NATURAL SELECTION
2) INSIGHT FROM FINCHES- BEAK STRUCTURE

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NATURAL SELECTION

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1) PEPPERED MOTH- ENGLAND; BEST MODERN EXAMPLE
2) DIRECTIONAL; ACTS ON VARIATION
3) PROVIDES DIRECTIONAL CHANGE
4) MORE LIKELY TO PASS ON GENETIC TRAITS

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ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA

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1) BACTERIA HAS GENETIC VARIATION
2) BACTERIA DOES NOT RESPOND TO ANTIBIOTICS

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GENETICS

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THE STUDY OF GENES AND HOW TRAITS ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ONE GENERATION TO NEXT.

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CELLS

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BASIC FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

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EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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1) CONTAINS NUCLEUS WITH CHROMOSOMES
2) 2 KINDS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
3) DNA, RNA

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TYPES OF CELLS

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1) SOMATIC (BODY TISSUE)
2) GAMETES (SEX CELLS)

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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1) COMPOSED OF AMINO ACID MOLECULES
2) CONTROLLED BY DNA

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GENE

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1) A SEGMENT OF DNA
2) SPECIFIES ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS IN A PROTEIN
3) COMBO OF EXONS AND INTRONS

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EXONS

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CODE FOR SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS

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INTRONS

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NON-CODING SEQUENCES

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REGULATORY GENES

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1) CONTROLS EXPRESSION OF OTHER GENES
2) HOMEOBOX GENES

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CHROMOSOMES

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1) STRANDED STRUCTURE COMPOSED OF DNA
2) HUMANS HAVE 46 CHROMOSOMES

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AUTOSOMES

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1) ALL EXCEPT SEX CHROMOSOMES
2) GOVERN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

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MITOSIS

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SIMPLE CELL DIVISION OF SOMATIC CELLS

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MEIOSIS

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1) PRODUCES EGG/SPERM CELLS. EACH WITH ONLY 23 CHROMOSOMES.
2) INCREASES GENETIC VARIATION QUICKLY
3) CONTRIBUTES TO ROLE OF NATURAL SELECTION

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GENOME

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ENTIRE GENETIC MAKEUP OF AN INDIVIDUAL OR SPECIES

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GREGOR MENDEL

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1) GARDEN PEA TRAITS
2) DISCOVERED FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HOW TRAITS ARE INHERITED
3) SEGREGATION- DIFFERENT EXPRESSION OF SAME TRAIT

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RECESSIVE GENE

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TRAIT SEEMED LOST

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DOMINANT GENE

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EXPRESSED TRAIT

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LOCUS

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LOCATION OF GENE ON CHROMOSOME

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ALLELES

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ALTERNATE FORMS OF GENES AT SAME LOCUS

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HOMOZYGOUS

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TWO COPIES OF SAME ALLELE

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HETEROZYGOUS

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1) TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES AT LOCUS
2) SICKLE-CELL ALLELE

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GENOTYPE

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1) ACTUAL GENETIC MAKEUP
2) SETS LIMITS

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PHENOTYPE

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1) OBSERVED CHARACTERISTIC
2) INTERACTS W/ ENVIRONMENT

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PUNNET SQUARE

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REPRESENTS DIFFERENT WAYS ALLELES COMBINED

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MENDELIAN TRAITS

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1) DISCRETE TRAITS
2) CONTROLLED BY ALLELES AT ONE LOCUS

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POLYGENIC INHERITANCE

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"CONTINUOUS TRAITS"
1) INFLUENCES BY ALLELES AT TWO OR MORE LOCI

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MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE

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1) INHERITED ONLY FROM MOTHER
2) MUTATION RATES USED FOR CONSTRUCTING RELATIONSHIPS

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MODERN EVOLUTION THEORY

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MUTATION OR NATURAL SELECTION AS PRIME MOVER OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

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MODERN SYNTHESIS

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MUTATION AND NATURAL SELECTION BOTH REQUIRED

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EVOLUTION

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A CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT

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MICRO-EVOLUTION

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SHORT-TERM EFFECTS

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MACRO-EVOLUTIOM

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LONG-TERM EFFECTS (SPECIES)

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MUTATION

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FIRST STAGE IN EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS. THE ONLY WAY NEW VARIATIONS PRODUCED

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GENE FLOW

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EXCHANGE OF ALLELS BETWEEN POPULATIONS

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GENETIC DRIFT

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RANDOM FACTOR IN EVOLUTION

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FOUNDER EFFECT

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1) A TYPE OF GENETIC DRIFT
2) SMALL MIGRANT BAND COLONIZES NEW REGION

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PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

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1) CLASSIFICATION
2) HOMOLOGIES- BASED ON DESCENT FROM COMMON ANCESTOR
3) ANALOGIES- BASED ON COMMON FUNCTION (NOT DESCENT)

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CLADISTICS

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BASED SOLELY ON ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN HOMOLOGOUS CHARACTERS

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CLADOGRAM

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1) CHART SHOWING EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS; DETERMINED BY CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
2) DOES NOT IMPLY ANCESTOR-DESCENDANT RELATIONSHIP

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BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT

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GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS CAPABLE OF FERTILE INTERBREEDING

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SPECIATION

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PROCESS WHERE NEW SPECIES EVOLVES FROM EARLIER; MOST BASIC PROCESS IN MACROEVOLUTION

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FOSSILS

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TRACES OF ORGANISMS; FOUND IN GEOLOGICAL BEDS

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TAPHONOMY

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STUDY OF HOW BONES AND OTHER MATERIALS CAME TO BE BURIED AND PRESERVED AS FOSSILS

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PROCESS OF MACRO-EVOLUTION

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1) ADAPTIVE RADIATION
2) RAPID EXPANSION OF NEW-LIFE FORMS INTO NEW ECOLOGICAL NICHES.

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MODES OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE

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GRADUALISM VS. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

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PHYLETIC GRADUALISM

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EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE ACCUMULATES GRADUALLY

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PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

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1) EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE PROCEEDS THROUGH LONG PERIODS
2) SPECIES BASICALLY UNCHANGED FOR THOUSANDS OF GENERATIONS

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HOMONIDS

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HUMANS FROM TAXONOMIC VIEW; AKA HOMONINES; BIPEDAL

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ARTIFICAL SELECTION

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INTENTIONAL BREEDING FOR CERTAIN TRAITS

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

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SYSTEM OF NAMING SPECIES