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80 Cards in this Set
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Primate
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Mammalian Order
Limbs and Locomotion: grasping ability eyes forward on front of face Decreased reliance on smell |
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Factors Explaining Primate Adaptations
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Arboreal: Adaptation to tree living. traditional explanation
Visual Predation: Forward facing eyes for grabbing insects Flower Plants:Rise of flowering plants influenced evolution |
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Old world an new world monkeys have different
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dental structures
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Types of Primate Locomotion
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-quadrupedal
-vertical clinging and leaping -brachiation -Prehensile tails |
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Quadrupedal
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Most primates are this
Majority of quadrupedal primates are also aboreal |
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Vertical Clinging and Leaping
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Many prosimians and tarisers
spring away from trunk |
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Brachiation
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Moving by swinging arms
Gibbons and siamangs |
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Prehensile Tails
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only among NEW world monkeys
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Primate taxonomy based on
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evolutionary relationships and physical similarities
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Biochemical Data and Taxonomy
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Primate classification changing because of genetic evidence
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Recent/ Revised Classification
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grouping great apes ad humans in the same family
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Primate Taxonomy (order)
-2groups- |
Strepsirhini (lemurs and monkeys)
Haplorhini (tasiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) |
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Lemurs
Lorises |
Primitive Primates: "Prosimians
Lemurs: Madagascar Lorises: Southeast Asia |
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Anthropoids
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Monkeys, Apes, Humans
Two groups: Old World and New World |
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New World
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-Monkeys: arboreal and prehensile tails
-Platyrrhini nostrils |
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Old World
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-Most widely distributed primate
-Africa, Asia, Japan -catarrhini nostrils |
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Hominoids
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Apes and Humans
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Apes (two types)
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Lesser Apes
Great Apes: Orangutan, Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Bonobos |
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Orangutan
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heavily forested in areas of Indonesian Islands
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Gorillas
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Larges living primate
Central Africa Exhibit marked sexual dimorphism Primarily Terrestrial Knuckle walking Almost completely Vegetarian |
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Chimpanzee
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Equatorial Africa
Knuckle walking eat plants and animal foods Large communities |
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Bonobos
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similar to chimps
pygmy chimpanzee (subspecies) |
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Humans classified as
(what family?) |
Hominidae (includes great apes)
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Homo Sapiens; Primate Haritage
Evident in humans because |
teeth
dependence on vision flexible limbs and grasping hands omnivorous diet |
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Human characteristics
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dependence on culture
dramatic increase in brain size and cognitive abilities bipedal locomotion |
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Evolution of Behavior studied from
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ecological and evolutionary perspectives
-behavior in free-ranging primates |
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Behavioral ecology
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approach that focuses on relationship between behaviors and ecological factors
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Evolution of Behavior- Behaviors have evolved through the operations of
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natural selection
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primate social structure and influences
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result of natural selection in specific habitats
Influences: Distribution of resources and predation |
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distribution of resources
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-Leaves can be abundant will support large amounts of groups
-fruits and nuts occur in clumps exploited by smaller groups -high pressure=large communities are advantageous |
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why be social
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cost of competition offset by benefits of predator defense
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Without prior approval you may not move allowance property/equipment to temporary storage to exceed _____ months?
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6 months
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1
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Dominance
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many primates are organized into dominance hierarchies
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Core Area
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within a home range
-contains highest concentration of predictable resources -core area portion of home range defended against intrusion |
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Affiliative Behaviors
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Behaviors that benefit another while posing risk to oneself
-reinforce bonds between individuals and enhance group stability two: grooming, and altruism |
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Reproductive Behaviors
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bonding, sexual selection, dimpphism
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Bonding
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permanent bonding is not common among nonhuman primates
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Sexual selection
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type of natural selection that operates on one sex, usually males
-increase frequency of traits that lead to greater success i acquiring mates |
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Dimorphism
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(difference in form between sexes in the same species)
-sexual selection produces this, especially body size -presence or absence of dimorphism can indicate mating structure |
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Primate Cultural Behavior
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Behavior is learned
Cultural tradition: when learned behavior is passed to offspring |
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Japan-Koshima Island-Macques
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first reported example of cultural behavior (among monkeys)
washing sweet potatoes in stream |
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How many years is ratification documentation kept?
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6 years and 3 months.
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1
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Regional variation (chimps)
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-only chimps habitually make and use tools
-regional variations of tools used -regional dietary preference also noted for chimps |
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Language
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distinctive human trait
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Non human communication
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Vervet Monkeys-different alarm calls for different predators
-learned but limited -snakes, eagles, leopards |
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non human communication
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Apes are not able to speak
-can learn to interpret visual signs and use them in communication. sign language and various symbols |
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Humans are called
new vs. old |
HOMININS
old term=hominid two levels of classification added-subfamily and tribe |
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Bipedal Adaptation Advantages
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freed hands for carrying objects and for making and using tools
-wider view of the surrounding countryside -efficient means of covering long distances |
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Bipedal Modifications
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Pelvis most dramatic
-shorter broader (basin-like shape) (elongated in quadrupeds) -foramen magnum repositioned -spinal curvature -lengthening of leg -femur angled inward -longitudinal arch -big toe realigned |
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Bioculture Evolution
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Most distinctive
-dependence of culture -biology makes culture possible -Culture further influences biological evolution |
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Paleoanthropology
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study of early humans
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Paleanthropology as a Multidisciplinary science
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Paleoanthropologists use skills of several disciplines
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Skills of Disciplines
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geologists, arechaeologists, physical anthropologists, paleoecologists
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Examples of disciples
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geologists may locate early hominid site
sites-locations of discoveries archaeologists search for hominid trace and study artifacts |
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Dating methods
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age and sites of fossils
paleoanthropologists use two methods Relative dating and chronometric or absolute dating |
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Relative Dating
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determines only if object is older or younger than other objects
stratigraphy, flourine analysis, biostratigraphy, paleomagnetism |
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Stratigraphy
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Layering of deposits
based on the law of superposition lower stratum (layer) is older |
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Fluorine analysis
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Bones incorporate fluorine from groundwater during fossilization
longer buried=more fluorine |
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Biostratigraphy
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uses fossils of better known animal or species to help date associated hominid remains
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Paleomagnetism
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shifting of the geomagnetic pole
magnetic particles act as ancient compass point to location of pole when rock formed |
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Chronometric (absolute) dating
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provides and estimate of age in actual #
-most are radiometric based on rate of radioactive decay -potassium/argon, carbon-14, fission track, thermoluminescence |
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Potassium/argon
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potassium decays into argon gas
-heating resets clock -volcanic rock in east africa -dates rock..not bone |
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Carbon-14
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radiometric method
dates organic material |
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fission track
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counts tracks left in crystalline rocks
uranium atoms disintegrate |
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thermoluminescence
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radiometric-inorganic material
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Perspective Primate Evolution
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context of geological time periods
-65 million years ago Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene |
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Levels of Primate Evolution (in order from earliest to bipedal human ancestors)
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-Prosimian
-Anthropoids -Hominoids -Hominids (Hominins) |
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Paleocene
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Earliest primates diverging
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Eocene
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Earliest definite primates appear in
Europe, and North America Eocene Prosimians - Prosimian radiation in Eocene |
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Oligocene Anthropoids
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Early Anthropoid radiation in Oligocene
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Fayum
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Most Oligocene anthropoid fossils from Fayum Egypt
Including Apidium and Aegyptopithecus |
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Miocene
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Diverse Miocene Hominoid Ape fossils found in Africa, Asia, Europe
the golden age of hominoids” None in New World (Americas) |
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Miocene Hominoids
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grouped geographically
African-Proconsul European-Dryopithecus i Asian- Sivapithecus Most too “derived to be ancestors to living forms Except Sivapithecus may link to orangutan |
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Late Miocene Hominid(hominin) Divergence
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Initial divergence of “hominids”(hominins) from African “hominoids”
-Most likely late Miocene -Hominids or Hominins are bipedal |
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Hominid Origins
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First definite hominid fossils found in africa
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Hominid
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bipedal locomotion
large brain tool making |
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Mosaic evolution
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characteristics did not evolve at same time and place
mosaic evolutionary pattern physiological and behavioral systems evolve at different rates |
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Bipedal Locomotion
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walking on two feet
most distinctive feature in hominids |
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Traditional classifications of names
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hominoids superfamily=humans and apes
hominids family=bipedal hominoids |
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revised/recent classification of names
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great apes in the dame taxonomic family as humans
great apes =hominids |
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