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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Race/ancestry defined by what characteristics
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phenotype, geography, language, ethnicity
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Concept of Ancestry
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it implies broad, geo defined populations. to be of value, social categories used must reflect everyday use in society
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Concept of Race
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Not a biological entity, continuum of variation, traits cluster in certain groups
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Metric Traits
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continuous measurement, statistical analysis
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Non-metric Traits: advantages
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not expensive or delicate equipment, easy and quick to perform, can be performed on fragment remains, sex does not need to be known
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Non-metric Traits Disadvantages
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inter-observer error, not clearly define, possible intra-observer error, rudimentary statistics -simple trait frequencies
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African American Skull traits
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-prognathic face
-wide nasal aperature -rectangular orbits -great inter-orbital breadth -Quonset-hut nasal bones -anterior facial prognathism -small nasal spine |
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European Skull Traits
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-pointed face-receding zygomatics
-narrow nasal aperature -nasal still present -minimal inter-orbital breadth -steepled nasal bones |
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Native American/Asian
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-comparatively flat-faced (forward projecting zygomatics)
-moderate width nasal aperature -circular orbits -tented nasal bones |
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Prognathism
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forward projecting
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Orthognathism
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-state of having straight jaws, African Americans
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Anterior Femoral Curvature
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curved in Europeans and Asians but straight in African Americans
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FORDISC
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Jante & Ousley 1985, based on data from FDB, provides discriminant functions based on the variables input into program
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Fully Method of Stature Determination
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measures different bones that make up stature, skull height, vertebrae height, femoral and tibial length, ankle height. measurements are added up and correction for tissue thickness is added, usually comes within 1 cm of the stature
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Trotter and Gleser Method of stature determination
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-measures maximum length of long bones - humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula.
-uses regression formula to determine stature, large sample size 50000, males and females, whites black asian hispanics |
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Problems in Stature Determination
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Fully Method: small sample size of 164, all white males, may be inaccurate, and all died in concentration camps in WWII.
Trotter and Gleser: Tibia measurements -unknown how were made, were tibial spines included? malleolus? reserach indicates sometimes included but not always |
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Male Skull
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-large, robust
-large browridges -blunt orbital margins -sloping foreheads -large mastoids -marked nuchal area -square chin -mandible - 90 degree angle |
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Female Skull
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-small, gracite
-smaller browridges -sharp orbital margins -vertical forehead -small mastoids -gracile nuchal area -pointed chin -mandible greater than 90 degree |
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Male Pelvis
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-narrow subpubic angle
-narrow sciatic notch -short pubix -small pelvic inlet |
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Female Pelvis
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-wide subpubic angle
-wide sciatic notch -long pubis -large pelvic outlet |
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Male and Female femur
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-mm attachments
-males has costal cartilage |
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Costal Cartilage
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-females have little while men have it
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How do we ID the dead?
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-DNA: Nuclear:available for most large scale transportation disasters, but still luxury. Mitochondrial-match with relative
-Biological profile -Idiosyncratic morphology: extra vertebrae, weird anomalies -Unique life history- broken bones, pathology, dental work, surgical/artificial devices |
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Closed events
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-know all individuals involved like in airplane crash
-each ID helps with subsequent ID's -re-association of unknown fragments with ID'ed fragments -exclusion matrices |
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Open events
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-don't know all individuals involved (hurricane)
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Presumptive ID
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-mitochondrial DNA match, group characteristics, concordance b/w evidence of an antemortem fracture with a documented medical history, wallet, tattoo, scar, mole
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Positive ID
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-nuclear DNA match with known example, fingerprints, antemortem/postmortem radiographic comparison
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Surgical devices
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-staples, pacemakers
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Skeletal Anamolies
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fracture/break and it heals back, the callous
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Dental ID
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fragments from dentures, bridgework, metallic crown fragments, post fragments, porcelain
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Age determination in subadults
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-long bone measurement
-dental development: most accurate, controlled by genetic factors -appearance of ossification centers: primary occurs during fetal development, secondary appear after birth, epiphyses -Epiphyseal fusion: teenage, process, female first, EHAKWS, clavcal one of last bones to fuse, fontanel - gaps in skull of newborn - close during life and usually fused at 10 |
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Age determination in adults
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pubic symphysis: young-ridges, old-lipping and bony growths
Auricular surface- age changes in 8 phases Sternal end of rib - ossification of cartilage, 4th rib Cranial suture closure: in older ppl may start to fuse altogether |
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Periostitis
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most often occurring, Periosteum pulled from bone causing irregular growth
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Tuberculosis
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-primarily on spine, lytic lesions on bone
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Syphilis
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-treponemal infection
-3rd stage affects bone |
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Acromegaly
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-gigantism
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Anencephaly
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-absence of brain
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Microcephaly
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-small brain
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Cyclopism
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-one eye, two fused heads
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Lithopedian
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-stone baby, hypercalcification
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Arthritis
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-joint inflammation, breakdown of subchondrial bone
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DISH
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-fusion of front of vertebral bodies, candle-wax like appearance
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Rhuematoid arthritis
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-worst form of arthritis in which inflammation occurs due to white blood cells moving into synovial membrane
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Dental caries
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-cavity; bacteria breakdown enamel
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Periodontal disease
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scalloped-appearance; bacteria breakdown alveolar margins
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Linear enamel hypoplasis
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disruption of growth, sign of malnutrition
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Cribra Orbitalia
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iron deficiency- anemia in children
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Porotic Hyperstosis
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adult iron-deficiency
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Cremains
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remains of dead person after cremation
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Reasons for disputed cremains
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-comingling inevitable (Locard's principle of transfer)
-poor cremation practice/lack of standards -retort design |
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How to ID cremains
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-bone/tooth fragments
-cremation weights *presumptive -cremation artifacts -elemental analysis |
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rotary bladed processor
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-reduces remains to ash and non-diagnostic bone fragmetns
-difficult to discern if human based solely on bone fragments -engineered to reduce cremains to less than 200 cubic inches |
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Types of things found in remains
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-Medical (pacemaker)
-Dental (crowns, dentures) -Mortuary (needles) -Personal (jewelry) -Misc (brick fragments) |
