Ant104 (Mc3) Exam 1 - Cultural Anthropology

Front 1

Independence Training

Back 1

Child rearing practices that foster independence, self-reliance and personal achievement.

Hint 1

Child rearing, independence, personal achievement, self-reliance

Front 2

Dependence Training

Back 2

Child rearing practices that fosters compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group, rather than reliance on oneself

Hint 2

Child rearing, compliance, group dependence, group identity

Front 3

Personality

Back 3

The distinctive way a person thinks, feels and behaves

Hint 3

distinctive, thought & behavior

Front 4

Tonal language

Back 4

A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning.

Hint 4

sound-pitch essential to pronunciation and meaning

Front 5

Paralanguage

Back 5

Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. These include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo.

Hint 5

voice effects with meaning: pitch, tempo, groan, sigh

Front 6

Proxemics

Back 6

The cross-cultural study of people's perception and use of space, coined by Edward Hall.

Hint 6

cultural space usage & perception

Front 7

Kinesics

Back 7

A system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions and body motions that convey messages, "body language", coined by Ray Birdwhistell in 1952.

Hint 7

analyzing communication through postures, expressions and body

Front 8

Ethnolinguistics

Back 8

A branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between language and culture, and how they mutually influence and inform each other.

Hint 8

study of language and culture

Front 9

Code Switching

Back 9

Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.

Hint 9

changing from one language to another

Front 10

Ray Birdwhistell

Back 10

Coined term "Kinesics", in work of same name, 1952.

Hint 10

Kinestics, 1952

Front 11

Stress language

Back 11

One main syllable emphasized, made to create rhythm. English is a stress language. Also, stressing a certain word can change the meaning of a sentence.

Hint 11

main syllable or word emphasized, English

Front 12

Diglossia

Back 12

Switching back and forth between dialects of the same language.

Hint 12

switching dialects

Front 13

Pidgin

Back 13

Simplified makeshift language made by combining 2 languages. Common in coastal areas, since its often born when different people come together for business.

Hint 13

makeshift combo language from 2 real ones.

Front 14

Creole

Back 14

A real language that comes from 2 other languages - an evolution of a pidgin.

Hint 14

evolution of pidgin, real language

Front 15

Tabula Rasa

Back 15

"Blank Slate" concept of personality completely formed by life experience. We are born completely neutral and all personality is learned behavior. Popularized (not invented) by John Locke.

Hint 15

born as blank slates

Front 16

Socialization

Back 16

Process of growing up and learning or acquiring culture.

Hint 16

learning culture

Front 17

John Locke

Back 17

1650's English philosopher, popularized Tabula Rasa, though did NOT invent.

Hint 17

tabula rasa

Front 18

Self Awareness

Back 18

Recognizing ones own individuality. (Non industrialized children become self aware sooner, due to greater human contact and stimulation.

Hint 18

aware own individuality

Front 19

The Two Main Types of World View

Back 19

1- Indigenous worldview, where everything is connected: human, natural and supernatural spheres are intimately interconnected into a holistic whole;
2- Metropolitan worldview, where everything is separated: human, natural and supernatural spheres are separate from one another.

Hint 19

indigenous, metropolitan, human/natural/supernatural -triangle

Front 20

Hemaphrodite

Back 20

A person possessing both testicular and ovarian tissue.

Hint 20

testicular + ovarian tissue

Front 21

George Peter Murdock

Back 21

Wrote ______.
Every culture possesses 67 universal cultural features, only difference is how they are expressed.
His work originated HRAF.

Hint 21

67 cultural features

Front 22

William Graham Sumner

Back 22

Coined term ethnocentrism

Hint 22

ethnocentrism

Front 23

Edward Hall

Back 23

Coined term proxemics

Hint 23

proxemics

Front 24

Margaret Mead

Back 24

A pioneer in study of gender identity and personality development. Wrote "Coming of Age in Samoa".
Credited for marking the beginning of psychological anthropology. (Flawed study, didn't study youths long enough or a wide enough age-range.)
Promoted use of film and technology in anthropology.

Hint 24

pioneer gender and personality development, "coming of age in samoa", beginning psychological anthropology.

Front 25

The 4 Sub-Fields of Anthropology

Back 25

Cultural Anth.: only deals with contemporary, living societies; Archaeology: study of cultural remains to reconstruct past groups;
Physical Anth.: study of humans as biological species;
Linguistics: study of language.

Hint 25

cultural, physical, archaeology, linguistics

Front 26

Social Sciences

Back 26

Sociology, Biology, Psychology

Hint 26

sociology, biology, psychology

Front 27

6 Characteristics of Culture

Back 27

1- Culture is shared;
2- Culture is learned;
3- Culture is integrated;
4- Culture is symbolic (language, ideas);
5- Cultures change over time;
6- Culture is social, needs a society.

Hint 27

shared, learned, integrated, symbolic, changing, social

Front 28

Barrel Model of Culture

Back 28

1- Superstructure, at the top
2- Social Structure, in the middle
3- Infrastructure, at the bottom

Hint 28

superstructure, social structure, infrastructure

Front 29

Superstructure (barrel model)

Back 29

A society's shared sense of identity and worldview. The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which members of a society make sense of the world - its shape, challenges, and opportunities - and understand their place in it. This includes religion and national ideology.

Hint 29

Worldview: the perception of the self, society, and the world around us.

Front 30

Social Structure (barrel model)

Back 30

The rule-governed relationships - with all their rights and obligations - that hold members of a society together. This includes households, families, associations, and power relations, including politics.

Hint 30

Social organization: the patterned social arrangements of individuals within a society:
households, associations, politics.

Front 31

Infrastructure (barrel model)

Back 31

The economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living.

Hint 31

Economic base: the mode of subsistence.
economics, subsistence strategy

Front 32

Syntax

Back 32

Patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences.

Hint 32

sentence structure

Front 33

Morphemes

Back 33

The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. ("boy", "cow" = "cowboy", 2 morphemes).

Hint 33

smallest unit with meaning

Front 34

Phonemes

Back 34

The smallest unit of sound that can alter meaning, but does not have meaning in itself ("s" in "cats").

Hint 34

smallest sound that can alter meaning

Front 35

Morphology

Back 35

The study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words).

Hint 35

rules or word formation

Front 36

Phonology

Back 36

The study of language sounds.

Hint 36

sound study

Front 37

Language

Back 37

A system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules.

Hint 37

systematized communication according to a set of rules.

Front 38

HRAF

Back 38

Human Relations Area Files.
A vast collection of cross-indexed ethnographic and archaeological data cataloged by cultural characteristics and geographic locations; archived in about 300 libraries.

Hint 38

Human Relations Area Files

Front 39

Cultural Relativism

Back 39

The idea that one must suspend judgment of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own setting.

Hint 39

suspending judgement to understand a culture

Front 40

Subculture

Back 40

A distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates, while still sharing common standards with that larger society. (eg. Amish, Hiphoppers, Skaters, Metalheads)

Hint 40

a culture within a culture.

Front 41

Society

Back 41

An organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture, and who act together for collective survival and well being.

Hint 41

interdependent group acting together for collective survival

Front 42

Enculturation

Back 42

The process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members or their society.

Hint 42

learning culture

Front 43

Edward Tyler

Back 43

Wrote "Primitive Culture" 1871. Changed definition of culture: Knowledge, belief, art, law, habits, etc.

Hint 43

"Primitive Culture", defined culture.

Front 44

Globalization

Back 44

Worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases.

Hint 44

worldwide interconnectedness

Front 45

Ethnology

Back 45

The study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups.

Hint 45

comparative study of culture

Front 46

Ethnography

Back 46

A detailed description of a particular culture, primarily based on fieldwork.

Hint 46

detail description of a culture

Front 47

Culture

Back 47

A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior.

Hint 47

shared ideas, values, perceptions

Front 48

Applied Anthropology

Back 48

The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client. (ie. CSI, lumbar support chairs, etc.)

Hint 48

practical anthropology

Front 49

Ethnocentrism

Back 49

The belief that the view and ways of one's own culture are the only proper/correct ones.

Hint 49

own culture is right

Front 50

Holistic

Back 50

The holistic perspective is a fundamental principle of anthropology: that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence.

Hint 50

a broad perspective for understanding the whole

Front 51

Anthropology

Back 51

The holistic study of humankind in all times and places

Hint 51

study of humans

Front 52

Transgender

Back 52

A person who crosses over or occupies an alternative position in the binary male-female gender construction.

Hint 52

person with cross-over or alternative gender

Front 53

Intersexual

Back 53

A person born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female.

Hint 53

biologically neither exclusively male or female

Front 54

Bronislaw Malinowski

Back 54

Renowned as a pioneer in participant observation, argued that culture's purpose is to fulfill the biological and psychological needs of people.

Hint 54

participant observation, functions of culture

Front 55

Functions of Culture

Back 55

Malinowski:
1- Must provide for biological needs, such as the need for food and procreation.
2- Must provide for instrumental needs, such as the need for law and education.
3- Must provide for integrative needs, such as religion and art.

Hint 55

biological needs, instrumental needs, integrative needs.

Front 56

Participant-Observation Fieldwork

Back 56

One cannot fully understand another culture by simply observing it, one must experience it as well.

Hint 56

participating as well as observing in culture.

Front 57

Restricted Language Domination

Back 57

World languages are rapidly disappearing.