Ant 3241 Exam 2

Front 1

- A full-time religious specialist who is associated with formalized religious institutions.
- Found in more complex food-producing societies (associated with greater levels of specialization).

Back 1

Priest

Front 2

- Part-time religious specialist/healer.
- Receives his or her power directly from the spirit world.
- Trance or spirit possession.
- Acquires status and powers through personal communication with the supernatural.
- Often works with spirit helper.

Back 2

Shaman

Front 3

What types of religious specialists have anthropologists classified?

Back 3

1. Shaman
2. Priest
3. Healers (e.g. Herbalist)
4. Prophets

Front 4

A religious specialist who specializes in healing.

Back 4

Healer

Front 5

A religious specialist who specializes in divination.

Back 5

Diviner

Front 6

Someone who communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community, acting as an intermediary between the people and gods.

Back 6

Prophet

Front 7

A spirit (usually in animal form) that acts as an assistant to a witch or wizard

Back 7

Familiar Spirit

Front 8

Name two familiar spirits of the Yakut Shaman.

Back 8

1. Emekhet – the spirit of a dead shaman, guardian spirit.
2. Yekma – an external soul that belongs both to the shaman and a living animal.
- Causes trouble for shaman and others.

Front 9

Give an example of Pentacostal healing.

Back 9

“Laying on Hands”
- Possession by the Holy Spirit

Front 10

European and American adoption of shamanic practices.

Back 10

Neoshamanism
- New Age mysticism.
- Select healing or soothing rituals
- Self-help

Front 11

Returns souls that have left the body because of abuse, grief, or other physical or emotional states.

Back 11

Soul Retrieval

Front 12

Removing misplaced energy (effects of stress, anger, sadness, injury) that may cause illness.

Back 12

Extraction

Front 13

Intentional travels of the soul – may visit physical or spiritual places or communicate with guardian spirits.

Back 13

Journey

Front 14

An altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a deity taking over a person's body.

Back 14

Possession

Front 15

A Bantu term for herbalist or spiritual healer.

Back 15

Nganga

Front 16

The manipulation of supernatural forces in order to intervene in human activities or natural events.

Back 16

Magic

- Could be used for good or bad.

Front 17

An inborn, involuntary, and often unconscious capacity to cause harm.

Back 17

Witchcraft

- Uses psychic power alone (thoughts and emotions).

Front 18

The performance of magical rites intended to cause harm to other people.

Back 18

Sorcery

- Powers are not innate – must be learned.
- Uses materials, potions, and medicines.

Front 19

Procedure performed resembles the desired result (e.g. “Voodoo doll “).

Back 19

Imitative Magic (homeopathic)

Front 20

Magic that can do harm to a person or animal by doing things to their image.

Back 20

Image Magic

Front 21

Appearance of plant can suggest medical uses.

Back 21

Doctrine of Signatures

Front 22

An object that has been in contact with a person retains a magical connection to the person and can be used to do harm.

Back 22

Contagious Magic

- Fingernail clippings
- Hair
- Bellybutton lint
- Menstrual blood

Front 23

Magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things.

Back 23

The Law of Sympathy

- Includes:
• The Law of Similarity.
• The Law of Contagion.

Front 24

Things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the physical contact is severed.

Back 24

The Law of Contagion

Front 25

A process of contacting the supernatural to find out the future or otherwise unknown information.

Back 25

Divination

Front 26

Book by James Frazer.

Back 26

The Golden Bough (1890)

- Magic is a pseudoscience.
- Will be replaced by science.

Front 27

Divination through the communication of a prophet.

Back 27

Prophecy

Front 28

A practitioner who intentionally communicates with the supernatural to find information.

Back 28

Medium

Front 29

It is a Chinese divination text revealing what the person must do to live in harmony. Also known as The Book of Changes.

Back 29

I Ching

Front 30

Involves reading the path and form of a flight of birds.

Back 30

Ornithomancy

Front 31

Feelings that a person experiences, a gut feeling.

Back 31

Presentiments

Front 32

The examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals. Was part of the ceremonies opening a session of the Senate in ancient Rome.

Back 32

Haruspication

Front 33

A divination technique in which a dried scapula, or shoulder blade, is placed in a fire and the pattern of cracks and burns are interpreted.

Back 33

Scapulamancy

Front 34

When a forked stick is used to locate water underground.

Back 34

Dowsing

Front 35

Divination by the interpretation of dreams.

Back 35

Oneiromancy

Front 36

Concluded that witchcraft:
- Explains the unexplainable.
- Provides cultural behaviors to deal with misfortune.
- Defines morality (by contrast).

Back 36

E.E. Evans-Pritchard (Azande)

Front 37

Noted positive social effects of witchcraft:
Levels economic differences.
Reinforces social values.
Provides outlet for hostility and feelings of neglect.

Back 37

Clyde Kluckhohn (studied Navaho)

Front 38

Argues that witchcraft does not exist among highly mobile people with little attachment to property.

Back 38

James Brain