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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Special human qualities
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1. intelligence
2. technology 3. manual dexterity 4. bipedalism 5. smaller canines 6. no fur 7. reproduction/ Life history |
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What traits indicate bipedality?
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1. position of the foramen magnum
2. size of lower back 3. valgus angle 4. foot shape |
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Bigger Brains vs. bipedality
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Piltdown man: large brain and large jaw (human brain mixed with orangutan jaw was a hoax!) Big brains first
Taung child: 3 year old austrolopithecus africanus (bipedality first) BIPEDALITY came first! |
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Primate Heritage: What did we inherit?
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1. grasping hands and feet
2. hindlimb-dominated locomotion 3. stereoscopic vision 4. intelligence 5. life-history/ reproduction 6. dentition |
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Anthropoids
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include old and new world monkeys, apes, and us
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Hominoids
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Just the great Apes and humans
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hominins
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humans
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Geological Epochs of the Caenozoic(oldest to youngest)
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1. Paleocene
2. Eocene 3. Oligocene 4. Miocene 5. Pliocene 6. Pleistocene |
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Paleocene/ Eocene
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1. extinction of dinosaurs
2. warm/ tropical 3. high sea levels 4. first primates |
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Oligocene
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abrupt transition to cooler and drier climate
- first anthropoid |
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Miocene
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moderm climate regime
-epoch of the APES! 1. procunsulids 2. adaptive radiation and dispersal of apes - sivapithecus, ramapithecus, dryopithecus |
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Late Miocene
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1. cooler temperature + tectonic activity = climate change= new adaptation = Humanity!!
2. Need to adapt to open savanahs |
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morphology
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looking at development of bones, comparisons, function of body parts
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molecular systematics
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DNA analysis, amino acid sequencing looks at how far ape gene sequences are from eachother
ex. confirmed huxleys theory that humans and chimps are related, and found humans and chimps are 95% related! |
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paleoanthropology
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the study of physical and behavioral aspects of prehistoric hominins
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Paleoanthropology: Anatomical (easier to study)
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1. bipedalism
2. manual dexterity 3. dentition 4. cranial features |
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Paleoanthropology: Behavioral issues (harder to study)
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1. Tool making
2. art and adornment 3. burial 4. social organization |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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found in Chad, Africa
Paleoenvironment: forest and savanna grassland |
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linear model
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biological features evolve only once
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bush model
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more diversity, adaptive radiation, combination of anatomical traits, human traits can evolve more than once!
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Australopithecus anamensis
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Lake Turkana
oldest australopithecine |
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Australopithecus africanus
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Hadar, Ethiopia
"Lucy" and "Lucy's Baby" |
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Laetoli
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australopithecus footprints, evidence of bipedalism
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Paranthropus boisei
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Olduvai Gorge
associate with Olduwan tools 1. FLK North 2. FLK Zinji most robust |
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FLK North
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concentration of ancients extinct elephant bones and stone tools
-early butchery site? |
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FLK Zinji
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bones and tools found
-early habitation site? -paranthropus/ homo habilus |
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Paranthropus robustus
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Swartkrans, Sterkfontein, South Africa
first paranthropine discovered |
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Swartkrans cave
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supports theory that early humans were hunted
-sabertooth tiger marks found in skull of paranthropus |
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Raymond Dart and "Killer Ape" theory
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beleived early hominins were killing machines
animal bones, stone tools founds -meat eating contributed to growth of brain size |
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Osteodontokeratic
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tools made out of bone, teeth, keratine and antler
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Brain and the "Revenge of Taphonomy"
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CK Brain opposed Dart's hypothesis
-argued that hominins were leopard food |
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Stone tool cut mark
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sharp 'v' shaped
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carnivore tooth mark
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softer 'u' shaped
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Power and Precision grip
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enables us to make tools
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Olduwan Pebble tools
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-early stone tools
-looked like sharpened pebbles involves: pressure flaking, core hammerstone and flake |
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Homo Erectus "Turkana Boy"
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first homo species to be found outside of Africa
-most complete homo erectus skeleton -Erectus associated with Achulean handaxe |
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Out of Africa 1: Routes of early hominin dispersal
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1. straight of Gibralter
2. Sicilian connection 3. Levant 4. Bab el- madeb |
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Straight of Gibralter
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hominin stone tools, faunul remains but no land bridge, swift currents
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Sicilian connection
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same as Gibralter, faunal remains
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Levant
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more promising, pleistocene remains
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Early Out of Africa 1 sites
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mainly eurasia
-Zhoukudian -Dmanisi -Ubeidiya -Trinil |
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Zhoukudian
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'Peking man'
- early homo erectus, site was pilleged, dynamite, ashy deposits, stone tools -gradual increase in brain size |
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Dmanisi
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2 types of fossil remains; H. erectus, h. habilus
-pre homo erectus species into eurasia? homo found without teeth and kept alive, social complexity? |
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Ubeidiya
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pebble tools and hand axes
-anticline matrix, discard zone for stone tools -hippo and giant dear (eurasian species) -humans left africa spread out |
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Trinil
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Indonesia
-evidence for rapid dispersal |
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Pleistocene Fauna
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wooly
cave dwelling giant |
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carnivore guild theory
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group hunters vs. ambush hunters
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Achulean handaxe
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"swiss army knife" of tools
requires forsight hard hammer percussion Was this costly signaling? getting attention by making tools? |
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assemblages
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groups of tools that are found during the same time
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Clactonian
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first place non- handaxe assemblages were found
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Cultural Learning
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learning through imitation
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Adaptation/ function
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raw materials/ resources determine which groups had hand axes
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Early fire sites : Middle Pleistocee
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1. Zhoukoudian
2.Terra Amata 3. Gasher Benot Ya'Aqov |
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Zhoukoudian
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stained minerals, guano?
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Terra Amata
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France, achulean tools found
-homo heidelbergensis and faunal remains -fire place found -marine resources, sea food able to be processed |
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Gesher Benot Ya' Aqov
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elephant butchery
burnt plant remains -plant remains able to be cooked |
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Shelter: Middle Pleistocene
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Terra Amata "hut"
-ring of artifacts, outline of a hut -post mold- decomposed wood left in soil of wood post -Delumley- proposed ideas for anthropomorphic site |
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Wooden Tools: Middle Pleistocene
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secondary technology
sites: Lehringen and Schroningen |
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Lehringen
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spear embedded in elephant shows evidence of wooden tool use
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Schroningen
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spear embedded in horse, evidence for hunting
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Evolutionary fate of H. erectus: Ladder theory
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-timing differed in evolution of species
-multiregional theory |
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Evolutionary fate of H. erectus: bush theory
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-evolution of new species arising and dissappearing
-species can't breed with diff. species |
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insular dwarfing
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animals shrink in order to survive and adapt to environment
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Boule's reconstruction of neandertals
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found a neandertaal fossil, arthiritic old man, became the sterotype for our culture
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world of neandertaals
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climate forced adaptation of stalky limbs, built body
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where did the neandertaals come from?
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glacial ice sweeiping through europe killed heidelbergensis, neandertaals able to survive
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Refugia
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areas of southern europe/ near east where H. heidelbergensis ran fron glacial period
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cortical bone of neandertaals
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twice as thick as modern humas!
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taurdontism
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wear and tear of teeth
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Sites of Neandertaals
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La Chapelle aux saints, France
Le Moustier, France |
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Levallois prepared-core technique
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used for making tools
-flakes from cores -advanced knowledge of stone tool making |
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hafting
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attaching stone tools to stick or bone to use as weapon
-Umm el tlel, Syria: stone tool thrust in clavicle of ass |
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Evidence for cannibalsm in neandertaals?
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Krapina, Croatia
-13 individuals, broken bones, evidence individuals were processed for food |
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neandertaal Cave bear cult
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theory that religion played a role in neandertal society
-bear skulls found in cave |
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neandertal Head hunters
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Grotta Guatari, Italy
neandertaals put heads on pole -breaking of foramen magnum |
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neandertaals burial
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neandertal fossil found in flexed position bones havent been scattered
-Shanidar Iraq, 8 articulated, flexed neandertal bodies -flower pollen present |
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Complexity of neandertaals
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La chapelle aux-saints
-old man, no teeth able to survive despite having no teeth Shanidar -broken arm bone, able to survive, social complexity |
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multiregionalism
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no migration, no replacement
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out of Africa 2
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migration, replacement
deals with modern humans |
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mitochondrial DNA
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DNA inherited through mother, more stable
- showed that Africa is the oldest lineage |
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Omo, Kibish Ethiopia
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OMO 1
-fossil evidence shows evidence of mitochondrial eve - oldest homo sapiens to be found |
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presence of the hyoid bone
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indicates potential ability to speak
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Why the gap between modern humans and modern human behavior?: Nueral mutation Hypothesis
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FOXP2 gene
-controls parts of speech in modern populations |
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Why the gap between modern humans and modern human behavior?: Gradual accumulation of modern behavior
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states that only LARGE, STABLE populations are able to transmit traits and behaviors
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Modern Human Origins: Klassies River Mouth, South Africa
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evidence of Middle Stone Age industries, hearths, animal bones, fragmentary remains of Homo
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KRM: Tools
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Evidence of both mousterian assemblages and advanced stone tool asseblage Howiesonsport
-mysterious because its only one point in time |
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KRM: Faunal variation
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hunted mainly eland
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Attritional mortality
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among big dangerous animals, the ones that are young and old (weaklings) tend to be killed in a population and prime-aged are avoided
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catastrophic profile
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among docile animals, full range of animals dying at once being driven off cliffs
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Blombos cave, South Africa
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evidence for modern human behaviors such as engraved red ochre, bone points, foliate biface points, preforated shells
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geographical boundaries of humans and neanderthaals
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the east meditteranean Levant corridor
biogeographic corridor- like and island, a population cannot grow endlessley, humans and neander fill the same niche, both use mousterian tools |
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Relevant Neander/ Homo sites
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1. Skhul cave, Israel- early modern human
2. Qafzeh, Israel- modern human 3. Tabun Cave, Israel- human and neandertaal 4. Kebara cave- hearths, prolonged occupation of neandertaal. moshe-headless fossils 5. Amud cave, Israel- neandertaals |
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N vs.H: Symbolic burials
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neandertaals no, humans yes
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N vs. H: symbolic behavior/ personal adornment
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neandertaals no, humans yes
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primitive circulating
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Humans, moving people to food resources
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advanced radiating
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more energy efficient, radiating from one source
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Neandertal extinction and Modern Human dispersal
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1. vicarism- following favored environment
2. niche partitioning- NO! they both occupied the same niche 3. assimilation- adapting to Homo sapien lifestyle; Lagar Velho child- mix of both human and neandertaal 4. competition- we drove out the Neandertals |
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Upper Paleolithic Behavioral Adaptations: technology
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-prismatic blades
-bone, antler, ivory tools, projectile weaponry |
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Upper Paleolithic Behavioral Adaptations: subsistence
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-big game hunting, fishing, food storage
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Upper Paleolithic Behavioral Adaptations: Mammoth hunters?
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Dolni Vestonice: using mammoths for fuel, building material, mammoth bone foundation for hut
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Upper Paleolithic Behavioral Adaptations: social complexity
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-mortuary rituals, large semi permanent sites, regional alliances
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Upper Paleolithic: Mortuary rituals
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-red ocre found on bodies, children being buried
- Dolni vestonice: 3 human bodies covered with red ocre |
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Upper Paleolithic: Large semi permanent sites
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-prolonged occupation
ex. Mezin Mammoth Hut -foundation made up of mammoth bone |
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Upper Paleolithic: Regional alliances
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-cultural groups form
-alliances established to track migratory species -reciprocity: strategy of helping others -exchange of raw materials from distant sources |
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Upper Paleolithic art (animal paintings)
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1. bison from Altamira, Spain
2. Lescaux- animals depicted,horse, reindeer, rope torches found 3. Swabian jura, Germany- csrved portable art Humans in are are rare! if they are found they are stylized |
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Upper Paleolithic art: Dolni Vestonice- "Shamans Hut"
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-woman with limp face
-evidence of first ceramic use |
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cave painting theories
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1. Calendrics- keeping track of time seasonality
2. Social geography- symbols expressing individuality 3. Shamanism- geometric images seen after being in transe state, shamans take and animal spirit 4. Children's art- art found in hard to reach places |
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paleoenvironments
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-last glacial maximum- the last time of glacial periods
-bolling/ Alerod- temperature soared, more rainfall -Younger dryas- return to glacial period but not as bad |
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Pleistocene extinctions
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- 50% of large mammals
-41% small mammals -42% mollusks - due to climate, habitat change, hunting overkill |
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Vedbaek
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-living lin larger groups, more sedentary
-cemetaries found shows investing in landscape |
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Vaenget Nord
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-designated zones for tool making and hide making
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Ohalo II
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-submerged during last glacial maximum
- site was burned intentionally -possible year round occupation and subsistence strategies (broad spectrum) -evidence for crop processing |
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Broad Spectrum Revolution
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- during this time many plants, animals, were hunted, gathered, fished, collected and caught
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Natufian
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main sites- Ain Mallaha and Abu Hureyra
- large sites -microlith technology -portable art -bone/ ground stone - population increase, sedentism, BUT no agrigulture yet |
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Ain Mallaha
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- first village (large semi sedentary occupation)
-subsistence: plant processing/ gazelle hunting -dog domestication: puppy skeleton -burial practices: intramural burials, pits, groups of people -community |
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Abu Hureyra
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-transition from foraging to agriculture; domestication of plants and animals
-sedentism before agriculture -best sequence of transition between natufian and neolithic |
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Desert Kite
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-used at Abu Hureyra to hunt gazelle and gather them in one place
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Neolithic
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-houses are rectangular, leads to partitioning of rooms
-lots of intramural burials |
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Domestication: What things do humans have to control?
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choosing the right domesticate
-smaller and less dangerous -aesthetic features -productive features- how we benefit from them |
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Domestication:what parts of the plant/ animal change?
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wild change to domestic
-these changes have lead to better use for humans -require human care -domesticated animals require human help ex. Fat tailed sheep |
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taming- example?
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-taming is not the same as domesticating
-you can tame a bear to dance but its offspring will not be domesticated |
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Wheat/ Barley Domestication: rachis
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- the stem that attaches seed to stalk of plant
-strong rachis will be less likely to seed itself naturally -wild: brittle rachis -domestic: tough rachis |
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Wheat/ Barley Domestication: glume
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-inedible, hardest part
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Random mutation of Wheat/ Barley
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domestication process lead to random mutation
- use of clay sickles to pick up mutant popultion by hand -tough rachis will lead to domestication |
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3 ways of harvesting grain
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1. pick them by hand
2. use a stick (beating) 3. use a sickle |
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Fertile crescent
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-optimal environment for domestication
-right social conditions, climate |
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Founder crops
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cereals: barley, einkorn, and emmer wheat
legumes: chickpeas, lentils, peas, flax |
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How to tell if an animal is domesticated?
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-body size
-teeth |
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Galton's list of characteristics of a domestic animal
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-hardy, sociable
-easy to care for, useful -free breeders |
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Gazelle domestication, is it possible?
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no.
- they run at the sign of predators -less sociable -territorial |
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commensal relationship
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-where one benefits from the other
-companionship -hunting -protection -traction |
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pedomorphic
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retaining ones juvenille characteristics
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secondary products
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-meat
-milk -wool -hair -horns |
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advantages and disadvantages of pigs
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advantages: omnivorous, extremely fertile, high in calories, require little tending
-disadvantages: no sweat glands, destructive for agricultural fields, quickly revert to feral |
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oasis hypothesis
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the drying of climate was an external factor that lead to the domestication of plants and animals
-both humans, plants and animals would have gathered around few oases and water sources in which humans could come to control many of them |
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Hilly Flanks theory
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- hilly flanks refers to the sloping mountains of the fertile crescent
-argued that the ideal location for the beginnings of agriculture would be an upland region with sufficient rainfall to make irrigation unnecessary -argued, it would have to be a place that was a suitable habitat for the wild ancestors of the first domesticated animals and plants |
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population pressure theory
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population increase in southwest asia upset the balance between people and food, forcing people to turn to agriculture as a way to produce more food
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coevolution
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proposes that proximity of humans and such species would set in motion a process by which humans would modify environment of domesticates, favoring genetic changes in domesticates that would make it reproduce better in "disturbed" environment
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food fight theory
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some foods were not everyday staple foods but rather labor intensive staple foods
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role of climate change and social causes during neolithic period
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-shift from glacial to interglacial periods would have dramatically changed the environment
-bringing plant and animal communities into areas where they normally wouldnt have existed |
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original affluent society
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the theory that postulates that hunter gatherers were the original affluent society
-shift in thought from seeing hunter gatherers as primitive to seeing them as practitioners of subsistence which much can be learned from |
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Abu Hureyra bone evidence: arthritis, dental caries
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-women who worked grinding grain by kneeling show evidence of arthritis
-consequence of new foods and laboring to produce them caused dental carries (tooth decay) |
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advantages of agriculture
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-more productive and storable foods resources may have permitted larger populations
-increases sedentism, storagem domestication |
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neolithic revolution
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transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and sediment
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Jericho
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-one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world
-plastered and painted skulls may reflect an increasing reverence for ancestors -the tell at jericho, a circular tower implies building of fortifications |
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Jerf el Ahmar
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-complex architecture
-used for storage of grains and cereals, divided into rooms -may have been used for ritual, a body found at the bottom of the floor decapitated |
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Nevali cori
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-famous for having the worlds most ancient temples and monumental sculptures
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Gobekli Tepe
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-site was erected by hunter-gatherers before the advent of sedentism
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