Ant 172 Final Review - Tool Traditions/complexes

Front 1

Eastern Beringian Tradition

Back 1

-12,500-11,000 BP (C. Holmes)
-Dyuktai (>11,000 BP): Central Interior AK; Yubetsu technique; microblades, extinct Pleistocene and other fauna
-Nenana/Chindadn (11,600 - 10,000 BP): Central Interior AK; tear-drop shaped, triangular, and concave-base lanceolate bifaces; obsidian (Wrangell & Batza Tena sources), generalized hunting

Front 2

American Paleoarctic Tradition

Back 2

-10,500-8,000 BP (D.D. Anderson)
-Denali: Central Interior AK; Campus technique; microblades, terrestrial and coastal (?) fauna, slotted antler points, grooved stone abraders
-Northwest Coast Microblade: Aleutians and AK panhandle; microblades, marine oriented diet, obsidian (Mt. Edziza); older human remains at OYKC
-Northern Paleoindian: Brooks Range, Southwest AK; Great Plains-style points (NOT Clovis), large game hunting (caribou)

Front 3

Pebble-tool/Leaf-shaped biface tradition

Back 3

-9,400-8,900 BP (Roy Carlson)
-Queen Charlotte Island (Haida Gwaii), mainland coastal B.C.; leaf-shaped bifaces, unifaces, pebble tools, chopper tools; hearths and post holes; spruce root cordage, wooden wedges, fish, birds, seals, sea lions, otters, bears (well-preserved water logged-site)
-tradition possible extends to Channel Islands, CA (9,200-8,400 BP); bifaces, pebble/cobble tools, flake tools; bone bipointed fish gorge; snail and Olivella shell beads; shellfish & fish subsistence

Front 4

Northwest Coast Microblade Tradition

Back 4

-8,000-8,900 (K. Fladmark)
-Queen Charlotte Island & mainland coastal B.C.; microblades; bifacial knives; land & sea hunting; stone rings, hearths

Front 5

Western Fluted Point Tradition

Back 5

-11,500-10,500 BP (C. Beck/G.T. Jones)
-Pacific Coast to Eastern Great Basin of US; fluted, concave-based, edge-ground projectile points (Clovis-like); Ritchie-Roberts Cahce (large fluted points & bone rods); poor contexts, possibly associated with Pleistocene fauna; use of obsidian (hydration rinds indicate older than stemmed points).

Front 6

Western Stemmed Point Tradition

Back 6

-11,00-7,000 BP (C. Beck/G.T. Jones)
-Pacific Coast to Eastern Great Basin of US; bifaces with stems and/or constricting base bifaces, gravers, drills (connect with Ushki site?); crescents in California & Gr. Basin; use of obsidian (hydration rinds indicate younger than fluted points); Lake Mohave stemmed points, often associate with shellfish, birds, turtles, deer; San Dieguito/Sulphur Springs complexes (10-8 kya) restricted to south; dry caves in Oregon, Nevada, Utah exceptional preservation (sandals, leather moccasins, tule bags/cords/matting, eyed bone needles)

Front 7

"Classic" Paleoindian Tradition

Back 7

-11,500-10,200 BP
-Clovis complex/tradition (11,500-10,900 BP): Fluted parallel-sided bifaces with concave bases and edge grinding near base; bone and ivory foreshafts, shaft wrenches, large blades; associated with mammoth hunting (e.g., kill sites, caches); turtle and rabbit common; large biface caches (e.g., Anzick, Fenn); long-distance tool stone; C.V. Haynes
-Folsom complex (10,900-10,200 BP): exceptionally well-worked points, fine-grained materials; restricted to Great Plains/SW; bison hunting (B. antiquus); communal hunting; eyed-bone needles; beads; bones objects with incised lines; D. Stanford/P. Jodry
Goshen Complex (overlaps Clovis and Folsom): unfluted "Clovis" points; concave, thinned bases; restricted to Northern Plains

Front 8

Plano Tradition

Back 8

-10,200-8,000
-Southern Great Plains
-Plainview complex (southern variant of Goshen?) bison hunting
-Northern Great Plains
-Agate Basin complex (10,200-9,500 BP): parallel midsection with constricted ends; bison hunting; tipis? (post molds)
-Hell Gap complex (overlaps and post-dates Agate Basin): leaf-shaped with parallel-sided stem; Knife River flint from ND; bison hunting
-Cody complex (9,500-8,200): parallel-sided, shouldered points; Cody knives (reworked points); more bison

Front 9

Northeastern Fluted Point Tradition

Back 9

-11,000-10,500 BP
-Southern boreal/deciduous forest zone (VA-NY): hawthorne plum, hackberry, chenopod, wild grape, fish, deer; fluted bifaces, local chert
-Northern tundra/spruce parkland zone (MA-NS): Debert-Clovis type fluted point, gravers, scrapers, drills; non-local cherts; circular habitation areas (?); caribou hunters (blood residue, bone rare)

Front 10

Southeastern Fluted Point Tradition

Back 10

-11,500-10,000 BP
-Mastodon and ground sloth hunters (Kimmswick, MO); lack of dated sites' huge regional variation (R. Mason's hypothesis); Redstone (longer flute, more triangular), Cumberland (fish-tail, long flute, "waist"), Simpson/Suwanee (leaf-shaped, constricted waist, fishtail), Quad/Beaver Lake (constricted waist, sharp tangs), Dalton (deep concavity in base, waist); Dalton is late in time, dated contexts, wider distribution, atlatl darts, reshaped varieties, burial offerings, woodworking/chipped stone adzes; deer hunting

Front 11

"Expedient tool" Tradition

Back 11

-13,000-11,000 BP (T. Dillehay)
-Chile/Argentina; unifacial and expedient stone tools (wood/bone tools, huts in bog environment); associated with horse, ground sloth, guanaco (plants)

Front 12

Fluted Fish-tail Point Tradition

Back 12

-11,000-9,000 BP (J. Bird)
-Link to Clovis or SE (?); Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina; stemmed or "waisted" fluted fish-tail points associated with horse, ground sloth, guanaco; grasslands; non-local tool stone; rock art depicting extinct fauna

Front 13

Paijan complex

Back 13

-12,000-7,000 BP
-North coastal plains of Peru; long slender "needle-nose" points; knives, scrapers, notched pebbles; diet of snails, lizards, birds vizcacha, fish, crab, plants; quarries, workshops; camps; human remains

Front 14

El Jobo complex

Back 14

-14,000-13,000 BP (R. Gruhn/A. Bryan)
-Venezuela; lanceolate biface with convex tapering ends; local tool stone; mastodon hunting

Front 15

Las Vegas Complex

Back 15

-9,200-5,500 BP (Moseley's "maritime hypothesis)
-Coastal Ecuador; chippers, scrapers, flake tools; early tending of gourds and fibrous plants (floats and nets); fish, shellfish, deer

Front 16

"Other" Peruvian Point Complexes

Back 16

-11,000-10,000 BP (J. Rick)
-High Andes, puna grasslands, early camel hunting/tending; various leaf-shaped, triangular, shouldered points; early plant cultivation; rabbits, birds, vizcacha

Front 17

Amazonian Stemmed Point Complex

Back 17

-12,000-10,000 BP (A. Roosevelt)
-Brazilian Amazon; small stemmed points, flake tools; small animals, fish, snakes, frogs, turtles, seeds, fruit, nuts