Ant 172 Final Review - Sites

Front 1

Swan Point

Back 1

-Chuck Holmes
-Shallow loess deposition
-Culture zone 4 -Beringian tradition -Hearths in cultural zone 4: 13-14K cal BP
-Dated by ivory, horse molar, mammoth molar, burned residue. -burned bone to make fire. dated 14,020-12,500 BP
-Only site w/ horse in direct contact w/ humans in AK
-End & side scrapers, hammer and anvil stones triangular and teardrop shape points/knives

Front 2

Broken Mammoth

Back 2

-Alaska late Pleistocene/early Holocene loess deposits, rich with calcium carbonate.
-Preserved butchered birds and other mammals.
-Stratigraphic context w/ human made tools
-Both complexes present

Front 3

Onion Portage

Back 3

American Paleoarctic tradition: has everything from American aleoarctic to historical occupation, Kobulk River, Stratigraphic Depth w/ microblades @ bottom

Front 4

Anangula

Back 4

Umnak Island, ca. 8-9000 BP -clear evidence of maritime adaptation.

Front 5

Mesa

Back 5

-Brooks Range Alaska
-Michael Kunz & Richard Reanier, -Hunting outlook 200ft above tundra -Hearths, tool debitage lanceolate shaped point, basal grinding . -
-51 carbon dates early Holocene. -Not ancestral to Clovis
-Mesa complex, Mesa, Bedwell -Spein Mt. sites 10.5-9.7 BP Implies connection to S. Paleoindian from Great Plains

Front 6

Bluefish Caves

Back 6

American Paleoarctic Tradition (upper levels)
Yukon

Front 7

Kilgii Gwaay site

Back 7

-Excavated by Daryl Fedje (Parks Canada)
-Occupation about 9400 BP
-At ocean edge, but flooded within 100 years
-Waterlogged environment =excellent preservation
-Faunal remains; Three-strand braided cordage made of spruce root; wooden artifacts; wooden wedge (for splitting logs to make planks -- woodworking evidence); wood wrapped in split-root cordage (stake to tied down tent?)
-Summary
o >2000 lithic artifacts
o Primarily unifacial tools (unifacial stemmed projectile point
o No microblades
o Bear, otter, sea lion, harbor seal, birds, fish (e.g. halibut, lingcod, rockfish, skate, salmon, perch)

Front 8

Mt. Edziza

Back 8

NW British Columbia,Volcanic Complex,>10,700ft, Obsidian source (glass everywhere) - Had to come down Stikine River

Front 9

Namu Site

Back 9

Roy Carlson
-About 150 km north of the northern tip of Vancouver Island
-200 km east of Haida Gwaii
-Native fishing area (fishing weirs)
-9,000 years of occupation at this site
-Humic layer overlaying shell-midden deposit ca. 2000 BP
o Humanly deposited shell remains range from 5,000-3,500 BP (in one trench)
* Earliest occupation
o 9140 +/- 100 BP and 7800 +/- 200 BP
o bifaces; microblades; stone ring (charcoal for dating found here)
* Summary
o Deeply stratified shell midden occupied over 9 millenia
o Component 1A
+ ca. 9,700-9,000 BP (calibrated)
+ No organic remains
+ Leaf-shaped bifaces, core tools, cobble choppers and unifacial tools
# Roy Carlson -- Pebble tool tradition
+ Followed stratigraphically by NW Coast microblade tradition

Front 10

Haida Gwaii

Back 10

Queen Charlotte Islands
* Now called Haida Gwaii
* Richardson Island, Southwestern Haida Gawaii
* Repeated deposition of sediments during rapid sea level rise resulted in exceptional stratification
* Tools
o Biface (spear point?) -- leaf shaped; Microblade
o Only a few grams of burned bone were preserved
* Component II
o NW Coast microblade tradition
o 8900-8500 BP
o Bifaces and microblades

* Component I
o 9300 - 8900 BP
o Leaf-shaped bifaces
o unifacial tools
o Hearths and post holes

Front 11

Glenrose Cannery Site

Back 11

-BC
* Excavated in mid 1970s by R. G . Matson (UCD Alumnus)
* Deep shell-midden site
* Oldest component of the Glenrose Cannery site dates to ca. 8150 BP
o with 5000 years of continuous occupation following
* The earliest component is apparently characterized by land mammal hunting

Front 12

Charlie Lake Cave

Back 12

-BC
* 10,500 - 9,700 BP
* Fluted point, but stubby with two channel flutes
* Perforated bead
* Bison bones
* 2 articulated raven skeletons; 1 with blue microblade core

Front 13

Wally's Beach Site

Back 13

* 1997, reservoir drained (dam repairs)
* Footprints and bones of mammoth horse (with cut marks), camel, muskox, caribou
* Clovis-style spear points with horse-blood residue
* 11,350 BP
* Animals & people moving up into Southern Alberta after corridor opens up?

Front 14

Wenatchee Cache

Back 14

(Richie-Roberts) Washington
* Cache of spectacular Clovis bifacial lithic points and bone rods (foreshafts)
* 2 fluted "knives/points" with red ochre staining on hafting area
* Artifacts rest on colvanic ash from ca. 11,000 BP eruption
* Big, not very functional, curated material, ritual context?

Front 15

Fort Rock Cave

Back 15

-Oregon
- * First discovered by a student of Franz Boas -- Luther Cressman [1938] (The Sandal and the Cave, 1981)
* Fort Rock-style sandals dated to 10,500-9,300 BP(C14)
* Sagebrush Bark - twined, flat closed toe oldest shoes in America, sandals found in other caves as well

Front 16

Tulare Lake

Back 16

-CA
Western Fluted tradition

* San Joaquin Valley, California
* Tulare Lake (ca. 50 km across)
* Buena Vista Lake (ca. 25 km across)
* Would have formed one large lake during floods (now drained for farmland)
* 20 fluted points (8 bifacially, 12 unifacially) collected privately
o None in primary context

* Horse, bison, and ground sloth have also been recovered on surface of the lake (at the same elevation as the points)
* Also Lake Mohave stemmed points associated with shellfish, birds, turtles, fish and deer

Front 17

Borax Lake

Back 17

Western Fluted Point tradition
* Near Clear Lake in Coast Ranges of California near Mt. Konocti
* Shores of dry lakebed, some soil disturbance and artifact mixing
* Excavated in 1930s & revisited by Vance Haynes in 1970s
* No radiocarbon dates, but estimated at ca. 11,000-12,000
* 20 fluted points most made of obsidian
* Lake Mohave stemmed points, crescents, scrapers & choppers
* Very old obsidian hydration rinds on fluted points (thicker than stemmed points)
o fluted older than stemmed?

Front 18

Mt. Konocti

Back 18

o Volcano in coastal range, basalt, rhyolite and obsidian source

Front 19

China Lake

Back 19

* NW Mohave Desert, California
* At least 10 surface sites with fluted points
* Found along shoreline of China Lake, which has been dated to 11,600 BP
* Mammoth, camel, and horse found on shore, but no direct association
* Lanceolate bifaces & crescents also recovered from surface deposits

Front 20

Tule Lake

Back 20

-CA
* Excavated by John Beaton (UCD)
* Rockshelter adjacent to Pleistocene lake
* 11,450 ± 350 from lowest levels
* Crescents, bifacial points, bone needles
* Faunal remains of mammal, fish, and birds (likely from foraging along lakeshore)

Front 21

San Miguel Island

Back 21

CA
* Daisy Cave: 9,100-10,400 BP
* CA-SMI-606: 9,200 BP
# Biface fragments, expedient stone tools, shell beads, bone fish gorge
# Boats required

Front 22

Daisy Cave

Back 22

CA * 9,100-10,400BP

Front 23

Nenana Valley

Back 23

AK - moose creek, walker road & dry creek sites.

Front 24

Tanana Valley

Back 24

AK - broken mammoth, swan point, mead and healy lake sites.

Front 25

Brooks Range

Back 25

AK - Mesa Site

Front 26

Kobuk River

Back 26

AK - Onion Portage, Kobuk River - North

Front 27

Kotzebue Sound

Back 27

AK - Trail Creek Caves, southern Kotzebue Sound -- West

Front 28

Danger Cave

Back 28

UT or NV?
* Jesse Jennings - 1957
o Coined Desert Culture Tradition- naïve -- people did change, consumed similar foods for 9,000 years b/c of environmental constraint but changes in other times; no dramatic changes like developing ag but more subtle changes definitely present

* 10-10,300 BP
* Found coprolites -- pinworms in coprolites -- interesting b/c thought to be parasites brought over by Europeans, not known in North America; turns out that’s not the case. Significant b/c they can cause starvation through absorption of available nutrients.

Front 29

Bonneville Estates

Back 29

NV
* Ted Goebel (University of Nevada Reno)
* recent excavations, modern techniques
* Bryan Hockett (BLM)
* Ca. 10,800 BP
* Bonneville pluvial lake
* Amazing faunal preservation -- deer, rabbit/hare
o Also a lot of water fowl

Front 30

Simon Cache

Back 30

-ID
o 1961
o 39 artifacts
o 5 Clovis points
o Covered with red ochre

Front 31

Anzick Cache

Back 31

Montana

Front 32

Mill Iron Site

Back 32

Montana

Front 33

Colby Mammoth Site

Back 33

Wyoming

Front 34

Hell Gap Site

Back 34

Wyoming

Front 35

Dent Site

Back 35

Colorado

Front 36

Drake Cache

Back 36

Colorado

Front 37

Stewart's Cattle Guard Site

Back 37

Colorado

Front 38

Lindenmeier Site

Back 38

Colorado

Front 39

Blackwater Draw Site

Back 39

New Mexico

Front 40

Folsom Site

Back 40

New Mexico