Ant 160 Final

Front 1

Matrilineal Descent

Back 1

Trace descent through mother's line

Front 2

Patrilineal Descent

Back 2

Trace descent through father's line

Front 3

Nation-State

Back 3

The state corresponds to a single nations (U.S.)

Front 4

Ethnocide

Back 4

Destruction of a people's way of life

Front 5

Genocide

Back 5

Physical extermination of a defined category of people

Front 6

Animism

Back 6

-Belief in many spirits
-Concept of the soul is universal and originated in human effort to interpret dreams
-spirits exist in plants, animals, as well as humans

Front 7

Totemism

Back 7

-religious belief
-animal or plant used as a sumbol or emblem of the clan
-notion of supreme being depends on totemic belief

Front 8

3 Stages of Rituals

Back 8

1.Preliminal (preparation)
2.Liminal (actual ritual; most activity)
3.Postliminal (resolve any conflicts)

Front 9

Globalization

Back 9

A world of things in motion (objects, persons, images, etc)
-means of crossing state and nation boundaries by "opening up" borders

Front 10

5 Major Pillars of Islam

Back 10

1.Sahadan-confession of faith
2.Salat-ritual prayer 5x/day
3.Zakat-give alms to the poor
4.Sawm-fast during holy month of Ramadan
5.Hajj-pilgrimage to Mecca to see Kabba

Front 11

Mohammad

Back 11

the prophet
God's messanger; messages became the Koran

Front 12

Law

Back 12

rules or modes of conduct made obligatory by the same sanction which is composed by a controlling authority

Front 13

Raiding

Back 13

short term use of force with a limited goal (stealing females, cattle, material goods, etc.)

Front 14

Feuding

Back 14

chronic hostilities between groups, neighbors, or kin

Front 15

Egalitarianism

Back 15

belief in the equality of all people, esp. in political, economic, or social life

Front 16

Clans

Back 16

compromise kin group based on a rule of residence and a rule of descent...a group composed of a number of lineages
-descent group who claims common descent from an imagined ancestor but cannot demonstrate it

Front 17

Lineage

Back 17

consanguineal kin group practicing unilineal descent (includes people who can actually trace their relationship to a common ancestor)

Front 18

Castes

Back 18

societies to which membership and types of labor are ascribed at birth and in which social mobility between groups is not allowed

Front 19

Class

Back 19

defined by degree of access to valued resources in a society, namely, wealth, power, & prestige

Front 20

Ascribed Status

Back 20

right to a position at birth based on the kinship of an individual

Front 21

Achieved Status

Back 21

position achieved by age, consensus, or rank

Front 22

Indigenous

Back 22

ethnic group of people who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection

Front 23

Tribal

Back 23

-horticultural/pastoralist groups where there is competition for power between kin groups
-small demographic scale, but more people
-power limited to the settlement

Front 24

Ethnicity

Back 24

Identity with or membership in a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group's customs, beliefs, and language

Front 25

Nationalism

Back 25

the policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations

Front 26

State

Back 26

-agencies within a society that have the monopoly of legitimate use of violence
-implies a centralization of power
-has problems but expresses major characteristic of a state

Front 27

Genocide

Back 27

physical extermination of a defined category of people

Front 28

3 Types of Reciprocity

Back 28

1.Generalized-those who exchange do so without expecting an immediate return & without specifying value of the return (common among hunter-gatherers...a.k.a. "the gift")
2.Balanced-exchange done in equal terms or values (instantaneous or delayed)
3.Negative-one party seeks a profit in the relationship

Front 29

Prophet

Back 29

power based on personal revelations and charisma, fundamentals of religion, his or her mission is doctrine
-often practice divination, also magical healing and counseling

Front 30

The "Gift"

Back 30

expressed in the dances
vertical-reciprocal animism
horizontal-horizontal social differentiation

Front 31

3 Theories Related to Gender Roles

Back 31

1.Compatibility-with-Childcare Theory
2.Economy-of-Effect Theory
3.Expendability Theory

Front 32

Compatibility-with-Childcare Theory

Back 32

-women's tasks tend to be compatible with childcare
-lactation and pregnancy tend to preclude possibility of woman being the primary hunters in foraging society
-still main caregivers in industrial society

Front 33

Economy-of-Effect Theory

Back 33

-more advantageous in terms of expendable energy for one gender to perform a set of tasks that are related
-if women are close to home they perform domestic duties
-(males make instrument b/c they collect the raw material)

Front 34

Expendability Theory

Back 34

-men do more risky tasks and go to war because things are more expendable in that the loss of men is less hurtful reproductively than the loss of a woman
-the greater size, strength, and mobility of men has led to their exclusive service in the role of hunters and warriors

Front 35

Gender Stratification

Back 35

unequal distribution of rewards between men and women

Front 36

Why might gender stratification occur?

Back 36

-it reflects their different positions in society
-as women's contribution to subsistence becomes high or low gender stratification increases
-1. Most of this results from the different kinds of jobs held by men vs. women.
2. The greater responsibility for family and childcare tasks that our society has traditionally
assigned to women is another factor explaining the earning differential.
3. Discrimination is a third critical factor.

Front 37

Witchcraft

Back 37

-psychic power
-often hereditary
-may be unconscious

Front 38

4 Stages of Hindu Life

Back 38

1.Young/Student
2.Houeholder (raise family)
3.Meditation (mid-life)
4.Sannyasa (give up possessions and beg)

Front 39

Racism

Back 39

a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others

Front 40

Colonization

Back 40

-The spreading of a species into a new habitat
-Establish a colony