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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Facultative Bipedalism
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can walk on 4s or 2s
--Knees bent. Slight waddle |
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Habitual Bipedalism
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Only 2s
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Era first definite hominids appear
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Pliocene
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Africanus
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Australopithecus
South Africa, 3.2 - 2.3 mya may be ancestors to Homo sapiens |
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Robustus
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Australopithecus
South Africa, 2.6 - 1.5 mya Robust hominid |
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Taung Baby
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South Africa
Australopithecus Africanus |
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Dart
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Taung Baby
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Mary Leakey
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Zinjanthropus boisei, changed to Australopithecus boisei
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Australopithecus boisei
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Originally named Zinjanthropus boisei
Tanzenia/Great Rift Valley 1.75 mil years ago, KAdating |
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Olduvai Gorge
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Part of the Great Rift Valley, Tanzania
rich in Early Stone Age sites Leakeys excavated there |
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Bioenergetics
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walking on two legs is more energy efficient than four legs.
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Phenetics
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Evolution based on ancestrial traits
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Cladistics
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Evolution based on derived (Adapted) and shared (Observed and learned) traits
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Australopithecus
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Hominids living in Africa 4.2 - 1.2 mya
Bipedal, small brain, large face, big teeth |
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Postorbital Constriction
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Narrowness of the skull behind the eye orbits
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Anamensis
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Australopithecus
Hominid in East Africa, 4.2 - 4.1 mya Bipedal, but very hominoid like. |
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Afarensis
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Australopithecus
Hominid in East Africa, 3.9 - 2.9 mya Bipedal, very hominoid like. Lucy is the most famous example |
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Garhi
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Australopithecus
Hominid in East Africa, 3.2 - 2.3 mya Large front and back teeth |
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Boisei
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Australopithecus
East Africa, 2.3 - 1.2 mya very robust hominid |
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Black Skull
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Early Australopithecine skull dated at 2.3mya and showing super-robust features.
AKA: Australopithecus aethiopicus |
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Homo
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Genus of hominids having large brains and depending on culture to adapt
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Homo habilis
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Early Homo sapiens
Africa 2.3 - 1.5 mya. Brain is half size of modern, and ancestral features on the post cranial skeleton |
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Erectus
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Homo
African then spread to Asia and Eurpoe 1.8 mya - 400 kya |
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Sapiens
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anatomically and behaviorally modern Homo
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Archaic
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500 kya, transition between Erectus and Sapiens
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Beringia
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Land connecting Alaska and Siberia, caused by glaciers
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Pleistocene
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time of glacial and interglacial cycles that began 2.3 mya
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Paleolithic
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2.5 mya - 12 kya
first hominids in the old world >>> end of last Ice Age |
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Stone Age
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2.6 mya - 2 kya
Beginning of culture >>> Beginning of farming |
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Gona
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Ethopian site, earliest sign of hominid activity
2.6 mya |
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Cores
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stone blocks from which flakes have been removed
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Flakes
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Fragments of stone that are removed from a block of stone (core) and used as tools
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Oldowan Technology
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Earliest stone-working tradition in Africa, but not the oldest stone tools.
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Taphonomy
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Study of processes affecting the formation of archeological sites
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Dmanisi
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Lower Paleolithic site in Georgia which the earliest H. erectus fossils and artifacts in Europe
1.7 mya |
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Atapuerca Sites
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A series of sites in northern Spain that date from 1mya - 300kya
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Acheulian
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tool tradition originating in Africa, found later in Europe and parst of Asia
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Africanus VS Robustus
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shorter stature and smaller brain and teeth than Robustus
Robust has head crest |
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Lucy VS Little Lucy
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3 mya, 3.2 mya
Australopithecus Afarensis |
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Turkana Boy
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Homo erectus
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Orrorin tugenesis
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Millenium Man
6mya |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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Toumai
7-6mya |
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What did the Black Skull prove about the relationship of Africanus and Robustus?
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that Africanus did not come first, but at the same time as Robustus.
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