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43 Cards in this Set
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bloodtype is found on sperm – certain mating may be incompatible due to female interpreting sperm as ‘nonself’ and producing antibodies to destroy it. Affects 20-25% pregnancies. Mother serum contains antibodies against babys blood, can cause breakdown of baby’s red blood cells. RESULT: jaundice after birth. Disease occurs mostly in newborn where mothers blood type is O and infant is A or B
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maternal-fetal incompatibility
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Confers resistance against malaria. Common in African Americans. Condition in whereby the structure of the red blood cells is altered and oxygen transport is severely impaired.
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Sickle cell trait
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lost geography in the islands between Asia and Australia due to cradles of civilization, sparsely inhabited, and a coastal route to the Americas.
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Sundaland
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A system of genes in which two alleles are maintained in stable equilibrium because the heterozygote is more fit than either of the homozygotes. In a population, the occurrence of a certain proportion of homozygotes and heterozygotes for specific genetic traits, which is maintained from generation to generation by the forces of natural selection.
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balanced polymorphism
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Bone softening disease that has become rare. Cause from not enough sunlight; Vitamin D deficieny that causes bones to soften and bend. Results in bowlegs, resurgence from children breastfed by black mothers
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Rickets
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deep haplotype = DE Corroborates archaeological evidence for 12,000 year east Asian existence (Jomon culture). Modern Japanese (Yayoi) are hybrid of Ainu and mainland Asia.
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Ainu
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not a vitamin but a hormone. Triggered by UV-B radiation which is a 2-3 day process. Diffuses into blood vessels where it binds with protein. Primary function: absorption of calcium from diet. Vitamin D cannot be obtained from diet has low levels in dairy products. Milk is now fortified with Vitamin D (mandate by federal govt.) Virtually none in meat, fruit, and veggies. Food which is high in Vitamin D: oily fish, herring, mackerel, cod, salmon, cod liver oil. *Eskimo (huit) diet.
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Vitamin D
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Red blood cell antigen that transports oxygen to the immune system with the production of antibodies in the face of ‘invasion’ by foreign antigen.
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ABO
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Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms, with the exception of some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.
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DNA
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Smaller the surface area that is exposed to the external environment, greater the amount of conserved heat. Heat stress causes long trunk.
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Bergman's rule
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an inherited disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract. It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults, and may result in early death. Caused by a defective gene which causes the body to produce abnormally thick and sticky fluid, called mucus. This mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs and in the pancreas, the organ that helps to break down and absorb food. This collection of sticky mucus results in life-threatening lung infections and serious digestion problems. The disease may also affect the sweat glands and a man's reproductive system.
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cystic fibrosis
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specific mutation on non-coding DNA which defines a lineage
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haplogroup/haplotype
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same principle applies for limbs as Bergman’s
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Allen's rule
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process of an individual organism adjusting to change in its environment, allowing it to survive changes in temperature, water and food availability, other stresses and often relates to seasonal weather changes. Acclimatization occurs in a short time (days to weeks), and within one organism's lifetime. This may be a discrete occurrence or may instead represent part of a periodic cycle, such as a mammal shedding heavy winter fur in favor of a lighter summer coat. important characteristic among many organisms because it allows them to evolve over time while changes are also simultaneously occurring in their environment. Organisms adjust their morphological, behavioral, physical, and/or biochemical traits in response to these environmental changes that they are faced with.
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Acclimatization
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evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat. This process takes place over many generations, and is one of the basic phenomena of biology. may also refer to a feature which is especially important for an organism's survival. For example, the adaptation of horses' teeth to the grinding of grass, or their ability to run fast and escape predators. Such adaptations are produced in a variable population by the better suited forms reproducing more successfully by natural selection.
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Adaptation
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condition in which core temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C (95.0 °F). Body temperature is usually maintained near a constant level of 36.5–37.5 °C (98–100 °F) through biologic homeostasis or thermoregulation. If exposed to cold and the internal mechanisms are unable to replenish the heat that is being lost, a drop in core temperature occurs. As body temperature decreases, characteristic symptoms occur such as shivering and mental confusion.
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hypothermia
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pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise. A mismatch between oxygen supply and its demand at the cellular level may result in a hypoxic condition. Hypoxia in which there is complete deprivation of oxygen supply is referred to as anoxia
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hypoxia
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changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication. They can also be induced by the organism itself, by cellular processes such as hypermutation.
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mutation
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type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA. Often the term point mutation also includes insertions or deletions of a single base pair. One can categorize point mutations as follows: transitions: replacement of a purine base with another purine or replacement of a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine. transversions: replacement of a purine with a pyrimidine or vice versa.
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point mutation
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also known at the flu, 1918 epidemic that killed more Americans than all the wars in this century combined. Came from manure being spread in Kansas. Symptoms were that of a fever, sore throat, and headache. Became a virus that filled lungs up with fluids. Was spread by breathing.
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influenza
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high blood pressure; blacks on average have higher blood pressure, causes heat disease and kidney failure and strokes in U.S. blacks than whites. Obesity, high intake of salt or alcohol, saturated fats, and low calcium intake. Shared set of symptom produced by heterogeneous causes involving environment, lifestyle, and genetic background.
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hypertension
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occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a given human population, and during a given period, substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience. The disease is not required to be communicable. Examples of epidemics are cancer, heart disease and swine flu. An epidemic may be restricted to one locale, more general, or even global, in which case it is called a pandemic. A few cases of a very rare disease may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the common cold) would not
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epidemic
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an infection is said to be endemic in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. For example, chickenpox is endemic (steady state) in the UK, but malaria is not. Every year, there are a few cases of malaria acquired in the UK, but these do not lead to sustained transmission in the population due to the lack of a suitable vector (mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles). For an infection that relies on person-to-person transmission to be endemic, each person who becomes infected with the disease must pass it on to one other person on average. This takes account of the probability of each individual to whom the disease may be transmitted actually being susceptible to it, effectively discounting the immune sector of the population.
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endemic
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Foreign substance enters, antigens are processed by macrophage cells and passed along to B- type white blood cells. When antigen touches 2 or more IgE molecules mast cell pours out at least 10 chemicals. Enzymes attack cells creating platelets(other white cells) stimulating smooth muscle (causing asthma).
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asthma/allergies
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Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is a hormone and neurotransmitter. It increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels, dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. Chemically, epinephrine is a catecholamine, a monoamine produced only by the adrenal glands from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
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adrenaliln/noradrenalin
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ability of the connection, or synapse, between two neurons to change in strength in response to either use or disuse of transmission over synaptic pathways. Plastic change also results from the alteration of the number of receptors located on a synapse. There are several underlying mechanisms that cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity, including changes in the quantity of neurotransmitters released into a synapse and changes in how effectively cells respond to those neurotransmitters. Synaptic plasticity in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses has been found to be dependent upon calcium. Since memories are postulated to be represented by vastly interconnected networks of synapses in the brain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical foundations of learning and memory.
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Plasticity
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pygmoidal peoples of Southeast Asian tropical forest. Becoming extinct, aborigines. Have deep lines of M and D haplotype.
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pygmies/negritos
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narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, small arterioles and veins. The process is particularly important in staunching hemorrhage and acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus, retaining body heat or increasing vascular resistance. makes the skin turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, reducing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains mean arterial pressure.
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vasoconstriction
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refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large arteries, smaller arterioles and large veins. When vessels dilate, the flow of blood is increased due to a decrease in vascular resistance. Therefore, dilation of arterial blood vessels leads to a decrease in blood pressure. The response may be intrinsic or extrinsic. response may either be localized to a specific organ (depending on the metabolic needs of a particular tissue, as during strenuous exercise), or systemic (seen throughout the entire systemic circulation).
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Vasodilation
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chronic mountain sickness. Loss of high altitude tolerance after prolonged exposure (e.g., by residence), characterized by extreme polycythemia, exaggerated hypoxaemia, and reduced mental and physical capacity; relieved by descent.
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Monge's disease
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proposed by Neel in 1962 to explain increasing incidence of diabetes in western world. Invoked to explain epidemic of obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes. Populations exposed to nutritional stresses (as hunter-gatherers/agriculturalists) – selected strong “thrifty” metabolism. Caused from diet, high content of saturated fat and redefined carbs.
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"thrifty" genotype
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more than half of societies obtained more than half of energy needs from animal foods. Primarily dependent on gathering animal foods. Diets have much higher protein, lower carbs, and high fats
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hunter-gatherer niche
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come from inhalation, through skin, by mouth, and injection. 1 out of 4 Americans suffer from allergies. Associated with a special kind of antibody. The immunoglobulin E (IgE) causes allergies.
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Allergies
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slave trade faced chronic problem of losing salt through sweating in hot environment. Salt loss by sweating in hot environment. Slaves were working, marching, or confined in inventilated ship holds. Biggest salt loss from diarrhea due to crowding and lack of sanitation.
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sweating
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any infectious disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals, both wild and domestic, to humans or from humans to non-human animals. Of the 1415 pathogens known to affect humans, 61% are zoonotic
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zoonoses
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known as milk sugar, only carb and predominant solid in milk. 55% of lactose of solids in human milk. Only man consumes milk as an adult. Lactase enzyme that is the disaccharidase responsible for conversion of lactase into absorbable monosaccharide. Those who do not produce enough lactase to metabolize lactose in milk/milk product have lactase-deficiency. Symptoms from lactase deficiency include: gastric distress, including somtach cramps, bloating, borborygmy, flatulence, and diarrhea. Cause of lactase deficiency: Hereditary alactasia- confers no survival value on it carrier and is due to random mutation. Primary adult hypolactasia- great survival from a time before adult homo sapiens began to consume milk in significant quantities; adult man was naturally lactase-deficient.
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Lactose
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type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the host. Parasite referred to organisms with life stages that went beyond one host which are now called macroparasites. also refer to microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as viruses and bacteria and can be directly transmitted between hosts of one species. generally much smaller than their host, show a high degree of specialization for their mode of life, and reproduce at a faster rate than their hosts. Classic examples of parasitism include interactions between vertebrate hosts and diverse animals such as tapeworms, flukes, the Plasmodium species, and fleas.
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parasites
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Populations in cold climates tend to have narrow noses; those in hot climates tend to have wide noses. Populations in dry have narrow and those in humid have wide.
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nasal shapes
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ring-shaped chromosome, non-coding sections of DNA ‘junk DNA’ ex. D loop. From organelle in cytoplasm which has own DNA. Maternal inheritance.
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mitochondrial DNA
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Used are the mutations in the non-coding ‘junk DNA.’ Paternal inheritance
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Nuclear/ Y DNA
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Humans who live in Antarctica for greater than 5 continuous months demonstrate alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Inuits for example, are able to adapt in getting rid of body fat but keeping tissue and muscle that keeps them stocky for the cold weather. Energy intake increases about 40% without change in body weight. Accounted for by increased extravascular tissue binding.
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Polat T3 Complex
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Eskimos have dark skin due to sunshine reflecting off snow. Causes sunburn (6 months of the year in total sunshine). Diet is protein of cold water fish= oily fish. Do not need light skin.
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Eskimo/Inuit
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oldest lineage. Generally isolated relatively in the South.
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Bushman
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