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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The science of Human cultural and biological variation and evolution.
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ANTHROPOLOGY
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Studying humans in terms of the interaction between biology and culture in evolutionary adaptation
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BIO-CULTURAL APPROACH
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Any advantage an individual or population has within their culture
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ADAPTATION
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deals primarily with variations in the cultures of populations in the present or past. Social, political, economic, and ideological aspects of human cultures.
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CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
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Biological evolution and variation of the human species, past and present. Also referred to as PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
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BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOG
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The study of cultural behaviors in the historic and prehistoric past.
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ARCHAEOLOGY
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Evolution is a theory, it has not been solved. No transitional fossils. Violated 2nd rule of thermodynamics.
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ARGUMENTS AGAINST EVOLUTION
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The exchange of DNA between chromosomes during meiosis.
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CROSSING-OVER
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Pattern of disease rate when new cases of a disease occur at a relatively constant but low rate over time.
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ENDEMIC DISEASE
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Postulate 6
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through any 2 points there is exactly one line
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BOTH alleles are IDENTICAL
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HOMOZYGOTE
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BOTH alleles are DIFFERENT
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HETEROZYGOTE
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A genetic trait in which there are at least TWO alleles have frequencies GREATER than .01
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POLYMORPHISM
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alters the structure of red blood cells, allele of hemoglobin, occurs when human is HOMOZYGOUS for this trait.
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SICKLE CELL TRAIT
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adopted and extended the principle of UNIFORMITARIANISM, provided evidence for a slowly changing earth
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CHARLES LYELL
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molecule that provides genetic code for biological structures
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DNA
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Study of changes and structures in the present universe.
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COSMOLOGY
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An equilibrium mixture of homozygotes and heterozygotes maintained by natural selection against both homohyzgotes.
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BALANCED POLYMORPHISM
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If any part of a system were removed, the entire system would fail.
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IRREDUCIBLE COMPLEXITY
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The scientific study of special creation..the word “creator” occurs more than “god”.
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CREATION SCIENCE
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A mathematical statement where in the absence of nonrandom mating and evolutionary forces, genotype and alleles will remain the same from one generation to the next.
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HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
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Selection and mutation.
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WHAT WOULD CAUSE A POPULATION NOT TO BE IN HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM?
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Mutation, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow, Natural Selection
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WHAT ARE 4 FORCES OF EVOLUTION?
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Mechanism for evolutionary change that occurs when random fluctuation of gene frequencies occur from one generation to the next.
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RANDOM GENETIC-DRIFT
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MENDEL”..principle states that the alleles for a trait SEPARATE when gametes are formed.
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INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
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“MENDEL”..states that sex cells contain one of each pair of alleles, one allele from MOTHER..one from FATHER.
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SEGREGATION
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patterns of genetic variations within and among different populations
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POPULATON GENETICS
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“MENDEL”..a mechanism for evolutionary favoring the survival and reproduction of certain organisms due to their biological characteristics.
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NATURAL SELECTION
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The belief that God operates through the natural process of evolution.
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THEISTIC EVOLUTION
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Short-term evolutionary change. Focuses on changes in allele frequencies from one generation to next.
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MICRO-EVOLUTION
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Long-term evolutionary change. Focuses on biological evolution over many generations such as species.
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MACRO-EVOLUTION
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The genetic isolations of population that could prevent them from producting fertile offspring.
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REPRODUCTIVE-ISOLATION
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A group of organisms that tend to choose mates from within the group.
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BREEDING POPULATION
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French anatomist who studied fossils and proved that there were catastrophies on earth which caused these fossils. Proved EXTINCTION, used HYPOTHESIS
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CUVIER
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A SPECIES is a group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, a GENUS is a group of similar species sharing common forms of adaptation.
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FIXITY OF SPECIES
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In human populations, the probability of mutation is 0.1-10 million per million genes per generation.
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POINT MUTATION
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pattern of disease rate when new cases of a disease spread RAPIDLY.
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EPIDEMIC DISEASE
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A powerful visual metaphor for universal hierarchy ranking all forms of higher and lower life.
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GREAT CHAIN OF BEING
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the idea that Biological world was created by an intelligent entity that DID NOT arise from natural processes.
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INTELLIGENT DESIGN
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alternative form of a gene that occurs at certain DNA locust. Occurs in pairs, one on each chromosome.
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ALLELE
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Disorder characterized by the presence of a higher than normal level of Methemoglobin in the blood. No oxygen delivery to tissues causing BLUE skin.
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FUGATES “blue people”
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A definition of species that focuses on reproductive capabilities, where organisms from other groups of populations are considered to be in SAME species if they interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
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BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT
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Evolutionary change resulting from a random change in the genetic code. MUST occur in sex cells to cause evolutionary change.
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MUTATION
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Refers to viewpoint that all aspects of existence are interrelated and important in understanding human variation and evolution.
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HOLISTIC
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(allele)..an allele that masks the effect of the other allele(which is recessive) in a heterozygous genotype.
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DOMINANT
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(allele)- an allele whose effect is masked by the other allele (which is dominant”) in a heterozygous genotype.
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RECESSIVE
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Swedish naturalist who compiled one of the first formal classifications of all known living creatures.
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LINNAEUS
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Mechanism for evolutionary change resulting from the movement of genes from one population to another.
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GENE FLOW
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Created law of independent assortment as well as segregation..father of “Mendelian Genetics”..one of the first to study genetics and inheritance BEFORE structure of DNA was known.
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MENDEL
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communicated ideas on natural selection with Darwin..created theory of natural selection with Darwin in a joint paper.
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WALLACE
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Father of natural selection. Stated that all life is related and derived from common ancestor.
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DARWIN
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More explicitly attempted to explain evolution…concentrated on relationship between organisms, environment, and evolution.
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LAMARCK
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Darwin turned to his writings to answer how environments acted to change organisms over time. ..concentrated on principles of population in terms of growth and suitable environments.
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MALTHUS
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The theory that all humans derived from two or more ancestral types.
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POLYGENISM
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The theory that all humans derived from a single pair of ancestors.
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MONOGENISM
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The process of replication of chromosomes in body cells. Each cell produces TWO identical copies.
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MITOSIS
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The creation of sex cells by the replication of chromosomes followed by cell division. Each cell contains one chromosome from each pair.
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MEIOSIS
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The attainment, by selection, of homozygosity inside a population.
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FIXATION
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controlled by single locus..contains alleles of “taster” and “non taster”.genetic train in humans.
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PTC Tasting
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swelling of the thyroid gland and comes from iodine deficiency.
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GOITER
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A large component of thyroid hormones, it is very needed by larger animals. ESSENTIAL trace element for life. Heaviest common element needed by living organisms.
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IODINE
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mosquito born infectious disease, sickle-cell disease can carry malaria genetically.
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MALARIA
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The science that investigates human biological and cultural variation and evolution.
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Anthropology
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Studying humans in terms of the interaxction between biology and culture in evolutionary adaption.
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biocultural approach
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The process of successful interatction between a population and an environment.
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adaptation
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The subfield of anthropology that focuses on cultural variations in prehistoric and some historic populations by analyzing the culture’s remains.
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archaeology
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the subfield of anthropology that focuses on the biological evolution of humans human ancestors, the relationship of humans to other organisms, and patterns of biological variation within and among human populations. Also referred to as physical anthropology.
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biological anthropology
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is the quantitative study of the universie in its totatlity, and by extensions, humanity’s place in it; there are four elements: earth, water, air, and fire.
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cosmology
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Scala Naturae.
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What was the pre-Darwinian cosmology (hint: “Ladder of Life”)
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Was evolution the first challenge to Christian (that is Aristotle’s/Ptolemy’s) cosmology?
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(Hint: do the sun, moon and stars revolve around the earth?)No.
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What is Polygenism and what role did it play in the development of evolutionary Theory?-
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Polygenism is the meaning of multiple creations. The role it played in the development of evolutionary Theory has many appeals, It account for occurrence of non-biblially referenced phenomena, it did not depend on biblical inerrancy as a test of truth, and because it attempted to explain biological observations, it was perceived as scientific.
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What was Darwin’s particular contribution to evolutionary Theory?
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He contributed by writing the transformation of species and also had the idea of the transmutation of species and the idea of natural selection.
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What parts could he not explain?
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He could not explain how the weak were still being born, how vaorable attributes got inherited, and how variation was…(serious hint: mechanism of inheritance [it wasn’t ‘blending’], maintenance of diversity)
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What are Mendel’s two laws of inheritance?
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His two laws of inheritances were the principle of segregation and the principle of independent assortment.
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What was Mendel’s contribution to evolutionary theory? (hint: how recessive traits [that is, variability] are maintained in a population.
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he created hybrids of pea plants and explained his two laws of inheritance. Also, he described how mutation worked and also answered the thing Darwin could not explain.
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How does meiosis contribute to the maintenance of variation in a population? (hint: crossing over) How is this evolutionarily important?
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MEIOSIS- The creation of sex cells by the replication of chromosomes followed by cell division. Each cell contains one chromosome from each pair. CROSSING-OVER- The exchange of DNA between chromosomes during meiosis. Meiosis simply replicates dna before there cell devision occurs. If corssing over results in the exchange of chromosomes, there will be differences in the cell replication of future organisms, cuasing genetic variation and strengthening a species or set of organisms.This results in recombination, or production of new combiantaions of genes and dna sequences.
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What is population genetics?
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patterns of genetic variations within and among different populations.
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What is a breeding population?
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- A group of organisms that tend to choose mates from within the group. With population genetics, many different populations are involved in the gene frequency of the populations over time. If many patterns of genetic variations are taking place within different populations, evolution will occur over time.
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What role does Hardy-Weinberg play in Evolution? (strong hint: frequencies between generations are mathematically predictable – unless something is altering it -Text p76). What would cause a population to not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (hint: two of the four forces of Evolution)
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A mathematical statement where in the absence of nonrandom mating and evolutionary forces, genotype and alleles will remain the same from one generation to the next. The two of the four forces of evolution that would cause the population to not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium would be mutation and migration.
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What is a Ripasso?
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Wine (typically Valpolicella) fermented on the lees of a "recioto" wine
From 'ripassare' or to pass over again |
