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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anthropology |
the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors |
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variation |
differences of adaptations between cultures |
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holistic |
interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture |
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cultural relativism |
the position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect (lack of bias) |
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ethnography |
fieldwork in a particular culture |
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fieldwork |
going to a group of people in order to learn about their culture |
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quantitative |
numerical data |
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qualitative |
nonnumerical data |
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cultural anthropology |
the study of human society and culture; describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences |
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archaeology |
the study of human behavior and cultural patterns and processes through the culture's material remains |
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linguistic anthropology |
the descriptive, comparative, and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space, and society |
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physical anthropology |
the study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology |
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science |
a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations or phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world |
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data |
facts and statistics gathered together for reference or analysis |
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test |
a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something |
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enculturation |
the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generation |
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symbolic |
holding a different meaning which has no necessary or natural connection to the original meaning |
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custom |
a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time |
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ritual |
behavior that is formed, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped, performed earnestly as a social act; rituals are held a set times and places and have liturgical orders |
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artifact |
a cultural material |
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norms |
guidelines or standards for behavior in a culture |
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folkways |
informal rules, greetings, etc. |
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mores |
important rules, usually formal (laws) |
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taboos |
rules that may not be violated for any reason |
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worldview |
basic assumptions about how the world works |
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diffusion |
borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries |
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acculturation |
the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the cultural patterns of either or both groups may be changed, but the groups remain distinct |
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invention |
when innovation changes culture |
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synchronic |
a study conducted at a single point in time on one or more groups |
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diachronic |
studies that look at a social change, usually conducted on a single group over a long period of time |
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etic |
objection observation |
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emic |
cultural perception |
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participant observation |
studying culture by being a part of it |
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role |
the function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation |
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rapport |
a close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other's feelings or ideas and communicate well |
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key informant |
persons considered experts on a given subject by fellow members of the culture |
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culture shock |
the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes |
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ethnology |
cross-cultural comparison; the comparative study of ethnographic data, society, and culture |
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unilineal evolution |
idea of a single line or pay of cultural development; a series of stages through which all societies must evolve |
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animism |
belief in souls or doubles |
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polytheism |
belief in multiple gods |
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monotheism |
belief in a single god |
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savagery |
culture with little technology |
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barbarism |
culture with moderate technological capabilities |
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civilization |
culture with high technology |
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historical particularism |
idea that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result |
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functionalism |
approach focusing on the role of sociocultural practices in social systems |
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neo-evolution |
the idea that culture evolves as energy is harnessed or conserved at a greater rate |
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cultural ecology |
environment limits size and structure of a population |
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materialism |
focus on environment and technology |
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idealism |
focus on belief and worldview |
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structuralism |
underlying structures in all human minds |
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phonology |
the sound system of a language
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phoneme |
significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguish meaning |
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morphology |
the system of meaningful units in a language |
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morpheme |
meaningful unit of language |
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syntax |
the rules for combining units (words) into meaningful phrases |
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ethnosemantics |
the cultural meanings in a language |
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kinesics |
body movement and hand gestures |
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sociolinguistics |
language and culture |
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universal grammar |
shared deep structures |
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deep structures |
common language structures |
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sapir-whorf hypothesis |
theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking |
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dialects |
grammatically distinctive forms of a language |
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linguistic relativity |
no language or dialect is superior (no bias) |
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ascribed status |
assigned social status
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achieved status |
social status based on choices or achievements |
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race |
an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis |
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ethnicity |
identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation |
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hypodescent |
rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group |
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burakumin |
is an outcast group at the bottom of the Japanese social order that has historically been the victim of severe discrimination and ostracism |
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nation-state |
an autonomous political entity; like the US or Canada |
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multiculturalism |
the view that ethnic differences strengthen society
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prejudice |
perceived devaluing of identity |
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stereotype |
fixed idea about how a group should/would act |
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hegemony |
dominant culture is promoted, predominately in media |
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ethnocide |
elimination of language and cultural beliefs |
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genocide |
physical elimination of an ethnic group |
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production |
turning resources into something |
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subsistence |
cultural strategies for "making a living" in a number of different environments |
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adaptation |
process by which a stress in the environment is accommodated by physical or cultural changes |
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stress |
anything that forces an organism out of a stable-state (homeostasis) |
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hunting-gathering |
(pretty self-explanatory) |
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foraging |
(also pretty self-explanatory) |
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seasonality |
what season in which a particular event occurs |
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reciprocity |
give and take (sharing freely) |
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OFS |
??? |
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domestication |
biological alteration of a species to serve human needs |
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pastoralism |
intensive production of animal stocks |
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nomadic |
moving around |
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transhumance |
moving around but having semi-permanent villages |
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polygamous |
marrying more than one person |
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arid |
dry climate |
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horticulture |
use of human labor to clear land, plant, weed, and harvest |
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swidden |
slash and burn horticulture |
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agriculture |
intensive cultivation where human labor is supplemented by animal or mechanical labor |
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industrialism |
use of fossil fuels to supplement or replace human and/or animal labor |
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economics |
exchange of goods/resources/services/products/etc |
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generalized reciprocity |
the amount you give is not based on how much you receive |
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balanced reciprocity |
transfer or goods with the expectation of similarly valued goods being returned |
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negative reciprocity |
both parties attempt to gain as much as possible, but without money changing hands |
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redistribution |
goods are not exchanged face to face (a third party is involved) |
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tribute |
subjects provide material goods or labor to a "big man" |
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"big man" |
third party, usually in charge of redistribution |
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potlatching |
(potlatch: competitive feast among Native Americans on the NPC of North America) |
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market exchange |
objects and services are bought and exchanged on market |
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multipurpose money |
money that can be used in exchange for anything |
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bureaucrat |
an official in a government department, in particular one perceived as being concerned with procedural correctness at the expense of people's needs |
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gossip |
casual or unconstrained conversation or reports about other people, typically involving details that are not confirmed as being true (used as a means of social control) |
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ostracism |
exclusion from a society or group |
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limited purpose money |
money that can be used for only a certain thing like bride price or water |
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peasant marketplace |
??? |
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status |
the position one occupies in society |
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role |
the behaviors associated with a particular status |
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stratification |
the way a society is layered into groups and how those groups are then ranked on a scale of social importance |
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power |
the ability to do what you want |
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privilege |
control of society's surplus (wealth) |
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prestige |
how society values your position |
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egalitarian |
aside from sex and age there is little difference in received rewards between individuals and families |
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ranked society |
a limited number of higher ranking positions exist |
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stratified society |
marked differences in wealth, prestige, and power between social classes |
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coercion |
the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats |
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class |
the system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status |
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caste |
the ranking of members in a society by occupational status and degree of purity or pollution as determined by their birth |
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karma |
(in Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences |
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conflict theory |
society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources |
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political ideology |
a set of beliefs and ideas that one can apply onto policies and events |
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control |
the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events |
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band |
basic unit of social organization (among foragers) |
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tribe |
form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism |
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chiefdom |
political organization is typically inherited through kinship lines. A ranked society in which a few leaders make decisions for the group |
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state |
a culture that has a formal political organization with a central bureaucracy with the authority to employ legalized force |
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elite |
a select part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities |
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commoner |
an ordinary person, without rank or title |
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legal system |
a system for interpreting and enforcing the laws |
