Ans Questions

Front 1

1. List the three basic neuroeffector tissues innervated by the GVE neurons.

Back 1

Smooth m., Cardiac m., Glands.

Front 2

2. List the division of the ANS.

Back 2

a. Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar) & Parasymphetic (Craniosacral).

Front 3

3. What is a ganglion, what is a nucleus?

Back 3

a. Ganglion – group of cell bodies outside the CNS.
b. Nucleus – group of cell bodies within CNS.

Front 4

4. Where do I find preganglionic neuron cell bodies on the ANS?

Back 4

a. Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are found within the CNS (Brain & Spinal Cord).

Front 5

5. Where do I find efferent (motor) neuron cell bodies of somatic division of peripheral nervous system?

Back 5

Ventral (Anterior) horn of spinal cord.

Front 6

6. Where do I find postganglionic neuron cell bodies of the ANS?

Back 6

Outside the CNS – in the terminal / periphreal ganglia.

Front 7

7. What is the primary function of the ANS?

Back 7

Maintain Homeostasis – increase or decrease activity of visceral organs & skin in response to changes in internal & external environment.

Front 8

8. What are 3 types of autonomic ganglia & which division of ANS are they associated with?

Back 8

a. Paravertebral Ganglion (Sympathetic) – lateral to vertebral column
b. Prevertebral Ganglion (Sympathetic) – anterior to vertebral column.
c. Terminal Ganglion (Parasympathetic) – close to or in wall of organ innervated.

Front 9

9. Where are the various autonomic ganglia located & what are names of the major autonomic ganglia?

Back 9

a. Paravertebral Ganglia – lateral to vetebral column from C1–S3.
b. Prevertebral Ganglia – in front of the vertebral column.
i. Celiac Ganglion – spinal segments T4–T9.
ii. Aorticorenal Ganglion – spinal segments T9 – T12.
iii. Superior Messenteric Ganglion – lower spinal segments.
iv. Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion – lower spinal segments.
c. Terminal Ganglia – next to tissue / organ they innervate.
i. Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, Submandibular, & Otic Ganglion

Front 10

10. What is the autonomic plexus & what are the locations of the major autonomic plexues?

Back 10

a. The autonomic plexus is a network of interlaced nerves that arise from the ANS.
b. Tympanic, Pharyngeal, Cardiac, Pulmonary, Celiac, Superior & Inferior Hypogastic.

Front 11

11. What are Splanchnic Nerves?

Back 11

Neurons that pass thru the sympathetic trunk of ganglia without synapsing.

Front 12

12. What are the specific locations of sympathetic preganglionic GVE neuron cell bodies in CNS?

Back 12

Thoracolumbar – Lateral Horn of T1–L2 Spinal Segments.

Front 13

13. Sympathetic GVE neurons emerge from the spinal cord in the __________ roots of the spinal nerves from spinal segments ____________?

Back 13

Ventral (Anterior), T1 – L2

Front 14

14. Sympathetic preganglionic neuron fibers exit the spinal nerve via the ___________ to enter the __________ ganglia?

Back 14

White Rami (Exit Ramp), Paravertebral Chain (AKA Sympathetic Chain Ganglia)

Front 15

15. Once the sympathetic GVE neuron exits the spinal nerve & enters the paravertebral ganglia, one of four things can happen. What are they?

Back 15

1 – Synapse in Paravertebral chain at the level of entrance.
2 – Ascend or descend Paravertebral Chain & synapse w/ postganglionic neuron cell body.
3 – Pass thru Paravertebral chain in “Thoracic” part of trunk without synapsing, forming the splanchnic nerves.
4 – Pass thru Paravertebral Chain & synapse in Adrenal Medulla (T10,11).

Front 16

16. Sympathetic neurons which exit the paravertebral ganglia to rejoin the spinal nerve do so via what structure?

Back 16

Gray Rami (On Ramp)

Front 17

17. Which spinal nerves are associated with the white rami & gray rami? What are the differences?

Back 17

White Rami – spinal nerves T1–L2.
Gray Rami – ALL spinal nerves, Cl–Coccyx.

Front 18

18. What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Back 18

ACH (Acetylcholine) & Acetyl CoA.

Front 19

19. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from preganglion sympathetic neurons?

Back 19

Acetylcholinesterase.

Front 20

20. What neurotransmitter is released from the majority of postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Back 20

Catecholamines – norepinephrine.

Front 21

21. What are the names & locations of the enzymes which inactivate the neurotransmitters released from the majority of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Back 21

a. MAO (Monoamine Oxidase) – inactivates catecholamines by oxidation.
i. Occurs in the preneuron axon boot 80% is brought back into the neuron.
b. COMT (Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase) – inactivates catecholamines by methylation.
i. Occurs in the synaptic space / cleft which is about 20%.

Front 22

22. What are the types & locations of the adrenergic receptors?

Back 22

Alpha 1 – eye.
Alpha 2 – intestinal wall.
Beta 1 – heart.
Beta 2 – lungs.

Front 23

23. What are the 3 catecholamines?

Back 23

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine.

Front 24

24. What tissue releases epinephrine?

Back 24

Adrenal Medulla (Suprarenal Gland) – converts norepinephrine into epinephrine.

Front 25

25. Is epinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

Back 25

No – only from the Adrenal Gland (See Above).

Front 26

26. Which postganglionic sympathetic neurons release acetycholine?

Back 26

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate eccrine sweat glands.
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate blood vessels in skeletal m. & produce vasodilatation.

Front 27

27. What tissue are innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons?

Back 27

Eccrine sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal m., smooth m. in eyes, lacrimal glands, parotid glands, sublingual glands, & submandibular glands, smooth m. of stomach, pancreas, galbladder, kidneys, blood vessles, lungs (trachea, larynx, bronchi), urinary bladder, & penis.

Front 28

28. Where, specifically, are preganglionic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies located in CNS?

Back 28

CranioSacral – Brainstem (The Various Nuclei) & S2,3,4.

Front 29

29. The cranial portion of the parasympathetic nervous system innervates structures located where?

Back 29

Head, Neck, Thorax, & Abdomen.

Front 30

30. The sacral portion of the parasympathetic nervous system innervates structures located where?

Back 30

Lower Abdomen & Genitalia (Pelvis) – Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Bladder, Reproductive Organs, etc.

Front 31

31. Which cranial nerves transmit GVE fibers?

Back 31

CN III, VII, IX, X.

Front 32

32. Which spinal nerves carry parasympathetic GVE fibers?

Back 32

NONE

Front 33

33. Where are the “nuclei” which give rise to GVE parasympathetic fibers located in the CNS?

Back 33

Bain Stem.

Front 34

34. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the __________________ are conveyed by the oculomotor n. and synapse in the ______________?

Back 34

Edinger Westphall Nucleus; Ciliary Ganglion

Front 35

35. Postganglionic neurons of the occulomotor n. innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissues?

Back 35

a. Smooth mm. of eye.
i. Parasympathetic – constricts = ciliary & sphincter mm. of pupil.
ii. Sympathetic – dialates = dilator m. of pupil.

Front 36

36. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the __________________________ are conveyed by the facial n. and synapse in the __________________________?

Back 36

Superior Salivatory Nucleus, Pterygopalatine Ganglion & Submandibular Ganglion.
Note: Pterygopalatine is sometimes called “Sphenopalatine Ganglion”.

Front 37

37. Postganglionic neurons of the facial nerve innervate what structures & have what effect upon these tissues?

Back 37

Lacrimal, submandibular, & sublingual glands – secretion of fluids.

Front 38

38. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the ____________________________ are conveyed by the glossopharyngeal n. & synapse in the ________________?

Back 38

Inferior Salivatory Nucleus; Otic Ganglion.

Front 39

39. Postganglionic neurons of the glossopharyngeal n. innervate what structures & have what effect upon these tissue?

Back 39

Parotid glands – increased secretion of fluids & salivation.

Front 40

40. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the _______________________are conveyed by the vagus n. & synapse in the _______________________?

Back 40

Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus; Terminal Ganglia.

Front 41

41. Postganglionic neurons of the vagus n. innervate what structures & have what effect upon these tissue?

Back 41

a. Visceral organs of thorax & abdomen.
i. Heart – decrease heart rate and conduction rate.
ii. Lungs – causes constriction of bronchioles.
iii. GI Tract – increases the GIT secretions.
iv. Pancreas – stimulates exocrine secretions.

Front 42

42. What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic parasympathetic neurons & what enzyme inactivates that neurotransmitter?

Back 42

ACH (Acetylcholine); Acetylcholinesterase

Front 43

43. What neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons & what enzyme inactivates that neurotransmitter?

Back 43

ACH (Acetylcholine); Acetylcholinesterase

Front 44

44. What is defintion of cholinergic?

Back 44

a. Choline activated or transmitted by choline (ACH).
b. Nerve cells that release or receptors which respond to ACH.

Front 45

45. What is definition of adrenergic?

Back 45

a. Catecholamine activated or transmitted by catecholomines (primarily norepinephrine).
b. Neurons which release or receptors which respond to norepinephrine or epinephrine.

Front 46

46. Where is the location of nicotinic receptors?

Back 46

Located on postganglionic neurons located in Autonomic Ganglia & on skeletal m. motor end plate (Myoneural Junction).

Front 47

47. Where is the location of muscarnic receptors?

Back 47

Located on neuroeffector tissues innervated by Autonomic Postganglionic Cholinergic fibers. (smooth m., cardiac m. & glands)

Front 48

48. What effect does stimulation of nicotinic receptors have?

Back 48

Release ACH, Norepinephrine.

Front 49

49. What effect does stimulation of muscarinic receptors have?

Back 49

Parasympathetic Effects.

Front 50

50. The _______ is considered to be the highest and main subcortical regulatory center for the ANS?

Back 50

Hypothalmus

Front 51

51. The centers which monitor heart rate & blood pressure are located where?

Back 51

Medulla Oblongota

Front 52

52. What is definition of anticholinergic, parasympatholytic, sympathomimetic?

Back 52

Anticholinergic – antagonistic to the action of cholinergic receptors (e.g. atropine).
Parasympatholytic – prevents parasympathetic = increased sympathetic.
Sympathomimetic – mimics that of the sympathetic. (See Question 54 also).

Front 53

53. What effect would a muscarinic blocker, like atropine, have upon heart rate, pupil diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, etc.?

Back 53

Blocks parasympathetic effects = Heart Rate – increases; Pupils – dilate; Gut Motility – decreases; GIT Secretion – decreases; Bronchidilation.

Front 54

54. What effect would a sympathomimetic drug have upon heart rate, pupillary diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, ect.?

Back 54

Definition – denoting mimicking of action of the sympathetic system.
Heart Rate – increases; pupils – dilate; gut motility – decreases;
GIT Secretions – decrease; Bronchial Tree – dilates.

Front 55

55. Why are you unable to focus on objects up close after your eyes have been dialated at the opthalmologist’s office with an anticholinergic drug such as tropicamide (mydriacyl)?

Back 55

Causes paralysis of the ciliary mm. of eye (muscles of accomodation) = can’t focus.

Front 56

56. Are there any parasympathetic fibers to the upper & lower limbs? If so where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

Back 56

NO

Front 57

57. What is the difference in the ratio of pre to postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic vs. parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 57

Sympathetic – 1 to Many.
Parasympathetic – 1 to 1.

Front 58

58. What effect does ANS input have upon skeletal m. fibers? Does it cause them to contract, relax, or have no effect?

Back 58

No direct effect.

Front 59

59. What effect would bilaterally cutting the vagus n. have upon heart rate, gut motility, & GI Tract secretions?

Back 59

NO Parasympathetic = increased HR, decreased gut motility, decreased GIT secretions.

Front 60

60. Why is epinephrine given to a patient in status asthmaticus or during anaphylatic shock?

Back 60

Anaphylaxis – contracts smooth m., constriction of bronci, & dilates capillaries.
Epinephrine – most effective stimulant of adrenergic (α & β) receptors, resulting in increased HR & force of contraction, bronchodilation, etc.

Front 61

61. What is meant by dual autonomic innervation of a tissue & how is this used to control various bodily functions?

Back 61

a. Innervated by both Sympathetic & Parasympathetic NS.
b. One acts to slow while other acts to speed up.

Front 62

62. A male with a herniated disc in the region of L1-L2 which is compressing the spinal cord would have which sexual dysfunction: failure to ejaculate or failure to attain an erection? Why?

Back 62

Failure to ejaculate – because (L1–L2) is part of Sympathetic Nervous System which controls ejaculation & orgasm.