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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is growth |
Increase in mass, height, maturity/complexity. |
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What is progressive development |
Development in stages, example: CNS forms first, then bones, then muscle, then adipose |
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How can we assess growth |
Height, weight, maturity, muscle or tissue development |
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Define hyperplasia |
Increase in the number of cells of a tissue, via mitosis |
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Define hypertrophy |
Increase in cell size/volume, accretion of protein or nucleus |
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Define Neoplasia |
Uncontrollable cell division, cancer |
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Does hypertrophy need a positive energy balance |
Yes duh |
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Define lypolysis |
Mobilization if fatty acids from adipocytes. First step in Utilizing stored fat for energy |
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Define beta oxidation |
Conversion of fatty acids into eventually ATP |
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How does confinement affect growth |
Allows faster growth, easier to keep positive energy balance, encourages more feeding = faster growth |
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Ways to improve growth in animals |
Breeding better genetics, using antibiotics, using hormone implants, using step up programs that feed for each growth stages nutrient requirements |
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What is development |
Increase in complexity, differentiation, may include change in shape/size |
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What is maturation |
Cessation of growth |
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What is differentiation |
Less complex cells specializing, usually loses ability to replicate |
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Why do we stop growing |
Growth plate stops proliferating, stops growth |
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What is a growth curve |
Change in growth over time |
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Define longitudinal measure |
Multiple measures over given time |
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Static measure |
One point in time |
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What is accretion |
Accumulation of cells or cellular products over time |
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Difference between growth curve and accretion |
Accretion is more specific to certain tissues |
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Define body composition |
Percent of one type of tissue compared to another in whole body |
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What type of measurement is body weight |
Static measure |
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Type of measurement is average daily gain |
Growth curve |
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Define efficiency |
Ratio of inputs to outputs |
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What is feed efficiency ratio |
Gain to feed, lbs gain per lbs feed |
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Define feed conversion ratio |
Feed to gain. Lbs feed per pound gain |
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Protein efficiency ratio |
Lbs gain to protein intake |
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What things affect efficiency |
Metabolism, age, protein turnover, use of ionophores or antibiotics, hormones |
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What is independent control |
Protein synthesis is independent of protein degradation |
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What are the major organelles in the cell? |
Nucleus, plasma membrane, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes |
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What does the nucleus do |
Preserves genetic material and passes it generation to generation |
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Genes do not always determine phenotype |
Environment may not let animal reach genetic potential |
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What makes up plasma membrane |
Made up of phospholipids and protein gateways |
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Define semipermeable |
Allows something's across but not anything |
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What do the proteins in plasma membrane do |
They can receive signals, transfer signals, and transfer nutrients across the membrane |
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Different types of diabetes |
Type one: body doesn't produce enough insulin Type 2: the receptors are affected not allowing insulin to bind |
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Define Endo and EXO cytosis |
Endo is going into cell, EXO is leaving cell |
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What is membrane potential |
Cells membrane must remain under negative membrane potential. This allows iron across the membrane |
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What does the mitochondria do |
Produces energy thru ETC and oxidative phosphorylation |
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Where can you find mitochondria |
More common in cells that require high energy |
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Why does mitochondria have multiple membranes |
The membranes allow much more specificity of the compounds that come thru |
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How does the mitochondria help warm the body |
It can uncouple the ETC which releases the energy warming the cell |
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What are free radicals |
Spare electrons that can attach to compounds and destabilize them |
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Bad things free radicals do |
Can damage DNA proteins and lipids |
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Good things free radicals do |
Immune cells create free radicals. They use them to denature foreign particles |
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How does ETC make ATP |
It allows a phosphate to add on to ADP. |
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What provides the intermediates for the ETC |
Krebs cycle |
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How do antioxidants attack free radicals |
They accept the free radicals and prevent them from attaching to other compounds |
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How do free radicals affect proteins |
The free electron attach and change the shape of the protein. Shape of the protein defines it function |
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What are zymogens |
Enzymes that do not function in the same place they are produced |
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What is fattening period |
When most gain is going to fat |
