Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What 4 subdisciplines in genetics divided into
|
transmission genetics
molecular genetics population genetics quantitative genetics |
|
|
__= subdiscipline of genetics that deals with the transmission of genes from generation to generation
-how genes recombine and traits are passed from generation to generation |
transmission genetics
|
|
|
__= subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the structure and function of genes at the molecular level
-concerns the structure and function of genes; includes replication, transcription, translation |
molecular genetics
|
|
|
__= subdiscipline of genetics which deals with heredity in groups of individuals for traits determined by one or only a few genes
--studies heredity in grps of individuals for traits determined by a few genes |
population genetics
|
|
|
__= subdiscipline of genetics which deals with heredity of traits in groups of individuals where the traits are determined by many genes simultaneously
-studies heredity of grps of individuals for traits determined by many genes simultaneously |
quantitative genetics
|
|
|
Why is genetics important?
|
central to biology
gene activity underlies all biological processes expanding rapidly- popular presss, tv genetic variation is the foundation of all diversity of all life! |
|
|
___= organisms whose genetic material is located in a membrane-bounded nucleus within the cells.
the genetic material is distributed among several linear chromosomes __= similar to these organisms, but lack a membrane bounded nucleus |
eukaryote
prokaryote |
|
|
__= cells that have 2 haploid sets of chromosomes, one set coming from each parent
__= the members of a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent __= the complete set of chr in a eukaryotic cell |
diploid eukaryotic cell
homologous chromosomes karyotype |
|
|
__= process of nucelar division in eukaryotic cells represented by M in the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M)
-results in the production of daughter nuclei that contain identical chr numbers and are genetically indentical to each other and the parent nucleus from which they arose |
mitosis
|
|
|
___= occurs in all sexually reproducing eukaryotes
-specialized diploid cell w 2 sets of chr is transformed thru one round of DNA replication and 2 rounds of nuclear division into 4 haploid cells or 4 nuclei, each with one set of chr |
meiosis
|
|
|
For cells to reproduce, what 3 events must occur?
|
copy genetic info
separate copies from each other cells must divide |
|
|
___ limit access to DNA but allow it to fit in nuclues
__ must disassociate before replication |
histones
DNA |
|
|
Each chr has a twin-together makes a homologous pair
__= have 2 sets of genetic info (2 copies of each gene) __= 1 set of genetic info/ 1 copy of each gene |
diploid
haploid |
|
|
Functional chr has 3 elements;
___= attatchment point __= stablizes ends __= sites where DNA synthesis begins |
centromere
pairs of telomeres origins of replication |
|
|
cell cycle- 2 major phases
__= cell grows, develops, prepares for cell division ___= active cell division, further divided into mitosis, and cytokenesis |
interphase
M Phase |
|
|
__= process of nuclear division
__= process of cytoplasmic division |
mitosis
cytokinesis |
|
|
Interphase has 3 phases
__= cell grows, makes proteins needed for cell division __= DNA synthesis where each chr duplicates, goes from 1-2 chromatids ___= other biochemical events occur in prep of division, volume of cell, doubled by the end of this phase |
G1
S G2 |
|
|
M phase includes:
5 stages |
prophase
prometaphase metaphase metaphase anaphase telophase |
|
|
__= stage where chr condense
-mitotic spindle forms and originates from centrosomes |
prophase
|
|
|
__= stage where nuclear membrane disintegrates
-spindles enter and attach to centromere of each sister chromatid -spindle from each centrosome anchors to each sister chromatid |
prometaphase
|
|
|
__= chr arrange themselves on metaphase plate
-centrosomes at opposite ends of the cell |
metaphase
|
|
|
__= sister chromatids separate- move to opposite poles
|
anaphase
|
|
|
__= chr arrive at the poles
-nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chr ( 2 nuclei in 1 cell) -cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs in this phase |
telophase
|
|
|
2 parts of sexual reproduction..
__= gametes are formed, where chr # is half __= 2 gametes fuse, restore chr # |
meiosis
fertilization |
|
|
Meiosis vs mitosis outcomes..
|
mitosis- 1 nuclear division, 1 cell division= same # of chr- genetically identical cells
meiosis- 2 cell division= half chr #, genetically variable |
|
|
in formation of gametes, 3 main phases in cell division:
__= has G1, S, and G2 phases ( like mitosis) __= reproduction division half of centromeres __= equational division ( half # of centromeres, after division, most similar to mitosis) |
interphase
meiosis 1 meiosis 2 |
|
|
__= alternative form of a gene
|
alleles
|
|
|
__= genetic factor that helps determine a trait
|
gene
|
|
|
__= mating btw 2 individuals
|
cross
|
|
|
__= the genetic constitution of an organism
|
genotype
|
|
|
__= both alleles at gene locus are the same/identical
|
homozygote
|
|
|
__= both alleles are diff at gene lucs
|
heterozygote
|
|
|
__= specific place on chr where gene is located
|
locus
|
|
|
__= physical manifestation of a genetic trait / what offspring looks like
|
phenotype
|
|
|
__= mendels first law; each individual possesses2 alleles for each characteristic. they segregate with equal proportions when gametes are formed- 1 allele into each gamete
|
principle of segregation
|
|
|
__= when 2 diff alleles are present, only 1 allele is observed in the phenotype
|
concept of dominance
|
|
|
__= prob of 2 independent events occurring simultaneously is calculated by multiplying together their individual probs
|
multiplication rule
|
|
|
__= prob of any 1 or 2 or more mutually exclusive events is calculated by adding together their probs
|
addition rule
|
|
|
__= alleles at diff loci sepearate independently of one another
|
princ of independent assortment
|
