Ans 206- Cardio

Front 1

__= one of the 2 upper chambers that receives the blood

Back 1

atrium

Front 2

__= one of the 2 lower chambers of the heart which forces blood into the aorta or the pulmonary arteries

Back 2

ventricle

Front 3

Which ventricle has a thicker wall and why?

Back 3

left, bc more muscles to contract and force blood into the aorta and into the body

Front 4

__= blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
-more muscular than veins and higher blood pressure

Back 4

arteries

Front 5

___= blood vessels that returns blood to the heart

Back 5

vein

Front 6

What are the functions of the inferior and superior vena cava?

Back 6

inferior- brings blood from the lower portion of the body
superior- brings blood from the upper portions of the body

Front 7

___= the "big one"
-large artery that emerges from the left ventricle
-takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Back 7

aorta

Front 8

__= portion of the heart that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Back 8

systemic circulation

Front 9

__= artery leading from the aorta that supplies blood to the heart muscle

Back 9

coronary artery

Front 10

What are the 2 types of valves and their functions?

Back 10

A-V valve- located btw the atria and ventricles on each side of the heart
- bicuspid valve- btw the left atrium and ventricle
-tricuspid valve- btw right atrium amd right ventricle

semilunar valve-
- aortic valve- btw the aorta and left ventricle
-pulmonary valve- btw the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle

Front 11

What are chordae tendinae and what is the function?

Back 11

tethered cords attach the cusps to the interior of the ventricles by fibrous cords
the papillary muscles control as the chordae tendinae attach the these muscles
prevents eversion, or backflow of blood into the atria

Front 12

discuss the blood flow through the heart starting with the deoxygenated blood arriving at the vena cavae

Back 12

-right atrium
-tricuspid valve closes as blood fills the right ventricle and chordae tendinae keep closed
-pulm semilunar valve to pulm arteries
-lungs
-pulm veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart into left atrium
-bicuspid valve
-left ventricle
-semilunar aortic valve
-aorta to the systemic circuit (coronary artery)

Front 13

Describe the location of os cordis in cattle

Back 13

located in the heart where the left ventricle meets the aorta

Front 14

What is bypass surgery and how is it done?

Back 14

This surgery is done to by-pass clogged arteries supplying blood to the heart. It creates a ‘bypass’ around the blocked part of a coronary artery to restore the blood supply to the heart muscle. The surgery is called Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, or CABG. Commonly known as bypass surgery

Coronary arteries are blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. Fats and cholesterol can accumulate inside these arteries, and the arteries can gradually become clogged. (This buildup of fat and cholesterol plaque is called atherosclerosis). When one or more of the coronary arteries becomes partially or totally blocked, the heart does not get an adequate blood supply. This is called ischaemic heart disease or coronary artery disease (CAD). It can cause heart pain (angina) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction). The first symptom of CAD may be a heart attack (myocardial infarction).

Coronary artery bypass surgery is one of the treatment options for ishcaemic heart disease (too little blood reaching the heart muscle). Bypass surgery is indicated for disease of the left main coronary artery disease or multiple blockages in one or more arteries. It is also done for a failure of nonsurgical management. Nonsurgical management includes medication and/or angioplasty.



After the patient is anesthetised and becomes unconscious, the surgeon makes an incision in the middle of the chest and separates the breastbone. Through this incision, the surgeon can see the heart and aorta (the main blood vessel leading from the heart to the rest of the body). After surgery, the breastbone is rejoined with wires and the incision is closed.

If a vein from the leg is to be used for the bypass, an incision is made in the leg and the saphenous vein removed by another surgeon operating simultaneously. This vein is located on the inside of the leg running from the ankle to the groin. It normally does only about 10% of the work of circulating blood from the leg back to the heart. Therefore, it can be taken out without harming the patient or adversely affecting the leg. It is common for the leg from which the vein is taken to swell slightly during recovery from the surgery, but this is only temporary and treated with elevation of the leg, and special stockings.

Alternatively the internal mammary artery (IMA) can also be used for the graft. This has the advantage of staying open for many more years than the vein grafts, but there are some situations in which it cannot be used. Other arteries are also now being used in bypass surgery. The most common other artery used is the radial artery. This is one of the two arteries that supply the hand with blood. It can usually be removed from the arm without any impairment of blood supply to the hand.

In the traditional surgery, the patient is connected to the heart-lung machine, or bypass pump, which adds oxygen to the blood and circulates blood to other parts of the body during the surgery. This is necessary because the heart muscle must be stopped before the graft can be done. One end of the graft is stitched to an opening below the blockage in the coronary artery. If the grafted vein is from the leg or the radial artery, its other end is stitched to an opening made in the aorta. If the grafted vessel is the mammary artery, its other end is already connected to the aorta

Front 15

the 3 branches of the aorta ; ascending, arch of aorta, and descending aorta

Back 15

the innominate, the left cornary artery
common carotid, and the left subclavian.
bronchial branch

Front 16

Where is the base/apex of the heart

Back 16

the base is where the 2 atria lay and aorta
the apex is the point of the heart