Ans 205 Study Guide Exam (Cells And Tissues Ch 2)

Front 1

Key cellular components are...

Back 1

cell membrane
cytoplasmic organelles
nucleus

Front 2

Discuss the structure of cell membrane..

Back 2

Outer cell membrane
plasma membrane and phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
water impermeable barrier

Front 3

__= model where there is phospholipids arranged with their polar heads facing proteins layers and non-polar tails face each other

Back 3

fluid mosaic model

Front 4

cell membrane contact and adhesion done by..

Back 4

desmosomes
tight junctions
gap junctions

Front 5

__= passive transport; distribution of a substance in a solvent such that it gets equally concentrated
-simple- down a concentration gradient
-facilitiated- down a conc. gradient but requires a carrier system (transmembrane protein)
-high to low, down a conc gradient
-perfume, gases etc

Back 5

diffusion

Front 6

__= passive transport system of mvt of water across a semipermeable membrane through water channels formed by transmembrane proteins ( aquaporins)
-osmotic pressure is the force behind it

Back 6

osmosis

Front 7

__= force that moves water from side with lower solute concentration to the side with higher in a cell

Back 7

osmotice pressure

Front 8

__= solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the RBC
-.9% NaCl ( normal physiologic saline)

Back 8

isotonic

Front 9

__= solution has lower osmotic pressure and is less concentrated than saline
-lower solute concentration than the cell, so mvt occurs into the cell, and causes the cell to swell-____

Back 9

hypotonic

hemolysis

Front 10

__= solution has higher osmotic pressure than the cell and is more concentrated than saline
-solution moves from lower concentration in the RBC to the higher concentration outside the cell causing ____, which causes the cell to shrink

Back 10

hypertonic

crenation

Front 11

___ transport- low to high concentration
___ required- hydrolyzed by ATPase activity of the carrier

____ of the carrier causes change in shape and mvt of molecule

Back 11

active


phosphorylation

Front 12

Describe what happens in active transport of the Na-K ATPase pump..

Back 12

outside of the cell- high Na
inside the cell- high K
*we want to keep it that way
-Na-K ATPase moves Na to the outside (against the conc gradient) and K into the cell (against its conc gradient)
-3 Na ions bind on the inside of the cell
- ATP phosphorylates/induces the changein transporter
-Na ions released to the outside of the cell
-2 K ions bind outside the cell
-transporter dephosphorylates and conformational change occurs
-K ions released inside the cell (ICF)

Front 13

What does the cell cytoplasm consist of..

Back 13

cytosol (liquid component)
organelles
-endoplasmic reticulum
- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- lysosomes
cytoskeleton (filaments/microtubules)

Front 14

__= membranous network of tubules/sheets with smooth or rough characteristics

Back 14

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 15

__= characteristic of the endoplasmic reticulum where lipid synthesis occurs of steroid hormones
-calcium storage

Back 15

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 16

__=characteristic of the endoplasmic reticulum that is covered with ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs and glycosylation
-some cells have more of this than others

Back 16

rough/granular endoplasmic reticulum

Front 17

__= ovoid, double membrane with crista
-enzymes associated with the Kreb's cycle
-the "powerhouse" of the cell; ATP production
-the more in a cell, the more active it is

Back 17

mitochondria

Front 18

__= membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes
-originate from ER and Golgi
-many found in WBC's (none in RBC's)
-engulf/degrade intracellular organelles

Back 18

lysosomes

Front 19

__= scattered throughout cytoplasm, largest and most rigid part

__= cell; "cell junction like" desmosomes

__= spindle fibers during cell division, cilia

Back 19

microtubules

intermediate filaments

microfilaments

Front 20

what are the 3 broad categories for cell components?

Back 20

cytoplams
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane

Front 21

What are the various types of epithelial tissues?

Back 21

simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudostratified columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified coulmnar
transitional

Front 22

what are the 4 basic types of tissues

Back 22

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Front 23

epithelial tissue is classified by the ____ present and by ___

___= 1 layer

___= many layers

Back 23

layers and shape

simple

stratified

Front 24

Shape of cells

__= flat

__= square

__= tall

Back 24

squamous

cuboidal

columnar

Front 25

__= epithelial tissue; single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia
-Fxn: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is important; secretes lubricating substances in serosa
-location- air sacs of lungs; lining of air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosa)

Back 25

simple squamous

Front 26

__= epithelial tissue; single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei
-Fxn; secretion and absorption
- location- kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

Back 26

kidney tubules

Front 27

__= epithelial tissue; single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucous secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
-Fxn: absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus(or repro cells) by ciliary action
-Location- stomach mucosa

Back 27

simple columnar

Front 28

__= epithelial tissue; single layer of cells of differing heights; some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at diff levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
-Fxn: secretion; particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilary action
-location; trachea

Back 28

pseudostratified columnar

Front 29

__= epithelial tissue; thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells are flattened/squamous; the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; the basal cells are active in mitosis and produce more cells
-function; protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
-Location- esophagus

Back 29

stratified squamous

Front 30

__= epithelial tissue; generally 2 layers of cube-like cells
- fxn; protection
-location- sweat glands, salivary glands

Back 30

stratified cuboidal

Front 31

__= epithelial tissue; several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal; superficial cells are elongated and columnar
-fxn; protection/secretion
-location- male urethra

Back 31

stratified columnar

Front 32

__= epithelial tissue; resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal and columnar; surface cells are dome-shaped or squamous-like depending on degree of organ stretch
-fxn; stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organs
-location- ureters, bladder, and urethra

Back 32

transitional

Front 33

Muscle tissue functions...
what is unique about them?

Back 33

they are contractile in nature and produce force and mvt

they are excitable- they conduct signals

Front 34

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Back 34

cardiac
smooth
skeletal

Front 35

__= type of muscle tissue; long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with obvious striations
-Fxn: voluntary mvt, locomotion, manipulation of the environment, facial expression
-voluntary control
-Location- in skeletal muscles, attaches to bones or occasionally to the skin

Back 35

skeletal

Front 36

__= muscle tissue; branching, striated, generally uninucleated cells that come together at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)
- Fxn: as it contracts, it propels blood into circulation
-involuntary control
-Location- the heart

Back 36

cardiac muscle tissue

Front 37

__= muscle tissue; spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; NO striations; cells arraged closely to form sheaths
-Fxn: propels substances or objects (food stuffs, urine etc) along internal passageways
-involuntary control
-Location- in the walls of hollow organs

Back 37

smooth muscle tissue

Front 38

__ tissue serves to connect other tissues
-gives form and strength to organs
-2 types- loose and dense

Back 38

connective tissue

Front 39

What are the types of connective tissue?

Back 39

adipose/fat
cartilage
bone
blood

Front 40

__= connective tissue with 3 types-

___= amorphous but firm matrix, collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblast produce the matrix and when mature chondrocytes lie in lacunae
-Fxn: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushionioning properties; resistive to compressive stress
-Location- costal cartilage, trachea

Back 40

cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Front 41

__ =connective tissue; cartilage; similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix
-Fxn: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing for great flexibility
-Location- ear pinna

Back 41

elastic cartilage

Front 42

__= connective tissue; cartilage; matrix similar to, but less firm than hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
-Fxn: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
-Location- intervertebral discs

Back 42

fibrocartilage

Front 43

__= connective tissue; hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized
- Fxn: supports and protects by enclosing; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
-Location- bones

Back 43

bone

Front 44

__= red/white blood cells in a fluid matirx/ plasma
-Fxn: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
-location- contained within blood vessels

Back 44

blood

Front 45

What type of tissues are excitable?

Back 45

neurons
muscle tissue

Front 46

__= tissue; neurons send signals; excitable, electrical, chemical

Back 46

nervous

Front 47

__ cells support; "glue" cells

Back 47

glial cells

Front 48

pleura is a serous membrane found in ___ (organ)

Back 48

thoracic cavity/lungs

Front 49

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum called so?

Back 49

Bc of its texture and appearance of ribosomes
-where protein synthesis occurs

Front 50

What kind of epithelium is found in an organ that stretches and flattens out? (ex- urinary bladder)

Back 50

transitional

Front 51

____ is an example of active transport occuring across cell membranes. The transmembrane protein involved in this process is also an enzyme that changes confromation/shape upon ___

Back 51

ATPase pump

phosphorylation

Front 52

Epithelial tissue can be classified according to ___ and ___ of cells

Back 52

shape and layers

Front 53

__ and __ are the 2 types of cells in an animal's body that can be called "excitable".

Back 53

neurons and muscle tissue

Front 54

List 2 important functions of the skeletal system besides providing protection, support, and mvt

Back 54

structure
storage of minerals
blood cell formation

Front 55

Define osmosis...

Back 55

Mvt of water across a semipermeable membrane through aquaporins
-passive transport
-low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Front 56

The root word "dorsum" means ___, whereas "venter" means ___

Back 56

back

towards the belly

Front 57

define any 3 directional/positional terms.

Back 57

Caudal- pointing towards the rear of the animal

medial- lying along the midline of an animal (spine)

- cranial- towards the head of an animal

Front 58

What is the name given to the .9% NaCl solution

Back 58

normal physiologic saline/isotonic solution

Front 59

Why do cells differ morphologically?

Back 59

shape/structure etc
have different functions

Front 60

diffusion and osmosis are both __ transport systems.

Name the active transport system

Back 60

passive

ATP expenditure- cell is positve on outside and negative on the inside; moves against the conc gradient

Front 61

___ tissue covers, lines, protects; glands

__ tissue is binding, connecting, gives support and strucure

Back 61

epithelial

connective

Front 62

___- tissue contracts, receives changes, produce mvt of food bolus, blood, skeletal structure

Back 62

muscle

Front 63

__ tissue conducts electrical impulses to produce a function
- has specialized units that affect functions of the rest of the tissues

Back 63

nervous

Front 64

What makes bone a living tissue?

Back 64

they grow, reproduce, subject to disease
-needs blood, and nerve supply

Front 65

__= circular tissue of bones

__= eat/erode the bone and correct deformities

Back 65

osteon

osteoclasts

Front 66

___ is a connective tissue that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
-majority of the cells are RBC's

Back 66

blood

Front 67

__ = cells that fight disease and eat

__= fight infection and respond to viruses

Back 67

lymphocytes/neutrophils

neutrophils