Ans 205 Dr. Trivedi

Front 1

Parathyroid hormone

Back 1

Increases serum calcium by increasing net release of calcium salts, increases osteoclast activity, released by parathyroid

Front 2

Calcitonin

Back 2

Primary effect is to reduce osteoclast activity and boost osteoblast activity, released by thyroid

Front 3

Fracture

Back 3

break in continuity of bone

Front 4

Simple Fracture

Back 4

skin stays intact (unbroken)

Front 5

Open Fracture

Back 5

wound from the exterior is in contact with the broken bone

Front 6

Greenstick Fracture

Back 6

One side of the bone is broken/splintered with other side is intact but bent

Front 7

Complete Fracture

Back 7

bone is broken across

Front 8

Physeal fracture

Back 8

located at the junction of an epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 9

comminuted Fracture

Back 9

bone is broken into smaller pieces

Front 10

Step One of healing a fracture

Back 10

Formation of clot

Front 11

Step two of healing a fracture

Back 11

clot invaded by CT cells, formation of granulation tissue (fibroblast multiplication and angiogenesis)

Front 12

Step three of healing a fracture

Back 12

Osteoblasts (peri and endosteum) divide rapidly (proliferate) and produce a large amount of osteoid, soft callus forms

Front 13

Step Four of healing a fracture

Back 13

Mineralization of callus

deposition of Ca, formation of hard callus

Front 14

Step Five of healing a fracture

Back 14

Spontaneous deformity correction- callus increases on concave side as stress is greatest there, erodes on convex side done by osteoclasts

Front 15

Amount of spontaneous correction depends upon

Back 15

age of animals, blood supply of the bone, degree of correction required, presence/absence of infection, amount of damage to associated tissues

Front 16

Pathological Conditions directly in bone caused by

Back 16

infections, tumors (osteoma, chrondroma, sarcoma), endocrine disturbances, or nutritional imbalances

Front 17

Bone TB

Back 17

infection caused by mycobacterium tuberulosis

attacks the spine and the ends of the long bone, vertebrae

Front 18

Osteomyelitis

Back 18

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow, caused by staphylococcus/streptococcus (circular bacteria) enter via blood vessel/wound

Front 19

Steps of inflammation

Back 19

swelling, redness, heat, and loss of function

Front 20

Osteodystrophy

Back 20

any abnormality in bone development, abnormality in normal Ca and P development

Front 21

Dys-

Back 21

uncoordinated

Front 22

Rickets and Osteomalacia

Back 22

inadequate mineralization of osteoid

Front 23

Achondroplasia

Back 23

hereditary condition in which metaphyses fuse early but bone continue to grow in diameter

EX: Dwarfism and Dachshund dogs and cattle

Front 24

Joint definition

Back 24

unions (articulations) between bones

Front 25

Types of joints

Back 25

fibrous joints, cartilaginous, and synovial

Front 26

Fibrous joints

Back 26

no joint cavity, syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis

Front 27

Desm-

Back 27

Membranes

Front 28

Syndesmosis

Back 28

slight movement

EX:Carpals

Front 29

Suture

Back 29

junction that fuses after birth

EX: between bones of skull

Front 30

Gomphosis

Back 30

Ex: between teeth and jaw

Front 31

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 31

united by cartilage, synchondrosis, symphosis

Front 32

Synchondrosis

Back 32

Joined by cartilage, when bone is growing

EX: immature bone diaphysis and epiphysis

Front 33

Symphosis

Back 33

Joined by cartilage

EX: pubic (ischium) bones, vertebrae

Front 34

Synovial joints

Back 34

skin--> fibrous capsule --> synovial membrane (delicate)

Front 35

Structure of Synovial Joints

Back 35

Articular surfaces/cartilage/cavity

Front 36

Articular Surfaces

Back 36

Specialized layers of compact bone on surfaces

Front 37

Articular Cartilage

Back 37

Layer of hyaline cartilage covering articular surface

Front 38

Articular Cavity

Back 38

Space between adjacent bones of joint surrounded by joint capsule/space

Front 39

Joint capsule of Synovial joints

Back 39

Two layers (synovial membrane, and fibrous capsule), tough

Front 40

Synovial Membrane

Back 40

Deeper layer of specialized (secretory cells) CT extending from articular cartilage of adjacent bones

lies close to blood vessels

Secretes synovial fluid

Synovial fluid- GAG's and hyaluronic acid

Front 41

Fibrous Capsule

Back 41

Heavier fibrous sleeve adjacent to synovial membranes, may be thickened in some areas to form extra capsular ligaments to stabilize joints

Front 42

Ligaments

Back 42

Ct bands that join bone to bone

Front 43

Tendons

Back 43

CT bonds that join bone to muscle, cords/bands, flat fibrous sheets (aponeurosis) associate with flat muscles (ex:loin), linea alba

Front 44

Example of movements

Back 44

hyper=extension, extension, and flexion

Front 45

Types of synovial joints

Back 45

simple. composite

1.) Hinge

2.) Plane/sliding/ gliding

3.) Ball and socket

Front 46

Simple Joints

Back 46

two articulating bones

Front 47

Composite joints

Back 47

many bones within one joint capsule

Front 48

Hinge Joint

Back 48

"Ginglymus" move only in their saggital plane

Movements- extension, flexion, hyperextension

EX: Fetlock

Front 49

Plane/Sliding/Gliding Joints

Back 49

slight gliding movement

Ex: Between adjacent carpal bones

Front 50

Ball and Socket Joint

Back 50

"Spheroid joints" movement in almost any direction

Movements-flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction

EX: Hip joint (coxofemoral)

Front 51

Joints of Forelimb

Back 51

Scapula, Scapulohumeral, elbow joint, carpus, Metacarpophalangeal (fetlock), proximal interphalangeal (pastern), and distal interphalangeal (coffin)

Front 52

Scapula

Back 52

no bony connection with thorax but muscle and ligaments (synsarcosis)

Front 53

Hindlimb Joints

Back 53

Sacroiliac Joint, coxofemoral (hip) joint, stifle joint, and tarsus (hock) joint

Front 54

Sacroiliac Joint

Back 54

bony connection between axial and appendicular skeletons

limited movement- relaxin (hormone released) acts on ligaments to make them limp

Hunter's Bump- tuber sacrale

Front 55

Subluxation

Back 55

crisscross of two major ligaments that hold pelvic roof together, causes the tuber sacrale to rise up

Front 56

Coxofemoral (hip) Joint

Back 56

Best example of ball and socket joint (head of femur and acetabulum of os coxae)

movement in nearly all directions

Front 57

Stifle joints

Back 57

condyles of distal femur, patella, and proximal tibia

stabilized by medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Front 58

Tarsus (hock) joint

Back 58

distal end of tibia and talus, calcaneus projects to form lever for attachment of Achilles tendon

Front 59

Laminae

Back 59

meaning: layer, two in hoof: insensitive (outer) and sensitive (inner)

Front 60

Purulent

Back 60

of pus

Front 61

Separation of two laminae

Back 61

laminitis further damage causes founder (sunk because coffin bone starts to dissociate and rotate)

Front 62

Bog spavin

Back 62

distension of joint capsule of hock, swlling on cranio-medial aspect of hock

Front 63

DJD

Back 63

degenerative joint disease

Front 64

Arthrocentesis

Back 64

Harvest of fluid to look for bugs in swelling

Front 65

(bone) jack spavin

Back 65

DJD of distal intertarsal and tarso-metatarsal joints, "true" spavin, chronic

Front 66

Capped Elbow

Back 66

Inflammation of bursa over olecranon process (point of elbow)

Front 67

Fistulus Withers

Back 67

(can be anywhere) inflammation/infection with draining tract from bursa over spinous process, makes pus (liquefied tissue and dead WBC bodies)

Front 68

Foudner

Back 68

Inflammation of laminae between hoof wall and distal phalanx

Front 69

Skeletal Muscle

Back 69

Voluntary, striated, multiple nuclei, long, thin fiber, necessary nerve supply

Location- attached to bones of skeleton

Function- movement of limbs, trunk, neck, respiration, and move bones/ generate heat

Front 70

Smooth muscle

Back 70

involuntary, unstriated, produce movement, spindle cell shape

Location- lining of digestive tract, urogenital system, airways, blood vessels

Function- contraction (intrinsic), control distribution of blood/diameter of pupil, mix and propel food in GIT

Nerves- multiunit necessary for function

Front 71

Cardiac Muscle

Back 71

Involuntary, striated, pump blood, single nuclei, branched cell shape

Location- heart

Function- contracts intrinsically assisting in circulation of blood

Nerves- modify activity (not necessary for function

Front 72

skeletal muscle organization

Back 72

arranged in bundles surrounded by CT

Origin- the fixed attachment

Insertion- moveable attachment (EX: biceps brachii- scapula and radius)

Front 73

Skeletal muscle parts

Back 73

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

Front 74

Endomysium

Back 74

CT between individual muscle fibers

Front 75

Perimysium

Back 75

sheath surrounding bundes of muscle fibers, wraps fascicle (bundle of cells)

Front 76

Epimysium

Back 76

CT around an entire muscle, becomes the muscle sheath which fuses with tendon

Front 77

Arrangement of Muscle Fibers

Back 77

Parallel, Fusiform, and pennate

Front 78

Parallel

Back 78

Muscle shortening but weak (abdominals)

Front 79

Fusiform

Back 79

Spindle (biceps brachii)

Front 80

Pennate

Back 80

Feather-like, increase power of a muscle

Uni- Extensor digitorum longus

Bi- Rectus Femoris

Multi- Deltoid

Front 81

Physical Characteristics

Back 81

Action, shape, location, direction of fibers, numbers of heads/divisions, attachment sites

Front 82

Functional Groups

Back 82

Flexor, Extensor, Abductor, Adductor, Sphineter, Cutaneous

Front 83

Agonist

Back 83

Muscle directly responsible for producing an action

Front 84

Antagonist

Back 84

Muscle that opposes an action

Front 85

Synergism

Back 85

Muscle that oppose undesired action of agonist

EX: Elbow flexion

Front 86

Muscles of head

Back 86

Masseter, Zygomaticus, Orbicularis Oris, Orbicularis Oculi, and Buccinator

Front 87

Trapezius

Back 87

Swings scapula forward, thoracic and cervical

Front 88

Rhomboideus

Back 88

Brings scapula together

Front 89

Serratus Ventralis

Back 89

Sling supporting trunk

Front 90

Extensors acting on shoulder girdle

Back 90

Supraspinatus and brachiocephalicus (head to arm)

Front 91

Flexors acting on shoulder girdle

Back 91

Latissimus Dorsi and infraspinatus

Front 92

Adductors acting on shoulder girdle

Back 92

Pectoralis and Subscapularis

Front 93

Abductorsacting on shoulder girdle

Back 93

Deltoideus

Front 94

Extensors acting on elbow joint

Back 94

triceps

Front 95

Flexors acting on elbow joint

Back 95

Biceps Brachii, Brachialis

Front 96

Extensors acting on hip joint

Back 96

hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus)

Front 97

Flexors acting on hip joint

Back 97

Ilopsoas and Quadriceps

Front 98

Adductors acting on hip joint

Back 98

Gracilis

Front 99

Abductorsacting on hip joint

Back 99

deep gluteal (gluteus profundus)

Front 100

Extensors Acting on stifle joint

Back 100

Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus medialis (lateralis/intermedius)

Front 101

Flexors Acting on stifle joint

Back 101

Hamstrings, and gastrocnemius

Front 102

Extensors acting on hock joint

Back 102

gastrocnemius and soleus

Front 103

Flexors acting on hock joint

Back 103

tibialis

Front 104

Masseter

Back 104

Mastication

Front 105

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 105

Trunk

Front 106

External Abdominal Oblique

Back 106

Abdominal

Front 107

Diaphragm and intercostals

Back 107

respiration

Front 108

Muscle for IM Injection

Back 108

fairly large, easily accessible, sufficiently thick

In practice, only a few muscles are suitable in each species

Front 109

Horse, Cattle, and Goats muscle differences

Back 109

Pelvic Limb- Gluteal muscle, and hamstring

Thoracic Limb- triceps brachii

Neck- Trapezius muscle

Front 110

Sarcolemma

Back 110

Outer cell membrane of muscle

Front 111

Myofibrils

Back 111

Elongated protein strands inside muscle cell (fiber)

Front 112

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Back 112

Smooth ER, fills the clefts/ space between myofibrils

Front 113

T-Tubles

Back 113

"Transverse tubles" tubular invaginations formed by sarcolemma, only in skeletal muscle, propagate action potential to inside of cell

Front 114

Terminal Cisterna

Back 114

Where SER ends at T-tubule

Front 115

Triad

Back 115

two terminal cisterna and T-tubule

Front 116

Thin Filament

Back 116

twizzler shaped, Actin (tropomyosin strings around bigger balls (g-actin molecules) with smaller balls (troponin) on the strings) thus it's a multiprotein structure, 3000 chain

Front 117

Troponin

Back 117

Ca binds to this, Troponin masks myosin head binding site (unmasked by Ca binding which lifts troponin from head binding site)

Front 118

Thick Filament

Back 118

Golfclub ends (myocentail --> hinge region --> Myosin head (ATPase bubble with ATP/ADP + PO4), 1500, connections onnect myosin vertically, myosin

Front 119

ATPase

Back 119

Cleaves ATP- causing head to store E

Front 120

Dihydropyridine Receptor

Back 120

between T-tubule and SR, protein that opens SR's store of Ca

Front 121

Mettle

Back 121

Middle, or M-line, of the sarcomere

Front 122

Properties of skeletal muscle

Back 122

Excitation --> Contraction --> Relaxation

Front 123

Excitation of skeletal muscle

Back 123

Generation of action potential --> neuromuscular junction (midpoint of fiber) (study pic)

Front 124

Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

Back 124

causes shortening of I band and H zone disappearance

Front 125

sarcomere

Back 125

repeating contractile unit

Front 126

Step one of contraction of skeletal muscle

Back 126

Muscle action potential propogated --> transverse tubule --> lateral sac (of SER)

Front 127

Step twoof contraction of skeletal muscle

Back 127

Ca 2+ released from lateral sac --> Troponin

Front 128

Step three of contraction of skeletal muscle

Back 128

Ca 2+ binding to toponin removes blocking action of tropomyosin

Front 129

Step four of contraction of skeletal muscle

Back 129

Cross bridge moves (thick and thin) filament movement of tropomyosin, allows binding sites of actin to be exposed --> Myosin binds to actin - myosin head is charged and bends 90 degrees when bound to actin --> movement pulls actin towards center of Sarcomere (Z-lines) --> After contraction, more ATP reqs to pump Ca back into SR (also to reestablish resting membrane)

Front 130

Step five of contraction of skeletal muscle

Back 130

Ca 2+ leaving troponin restores tropomyosin blocking actin, with Ca 2+ re-sequestration --> lateral sac

Front 131

Relaxation of Skeletal muscle

Back 131

Ca sequestered into SR and ion pumps inside use ATP to pump Ca from SR --> Storage (without ATP muscle cannot relax)

Front 132

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 132

Vesicles wait for action potentials --> fuse with terminal ending with influx of Ca (end plate) --> release into synaptic cleft --? find its receptor on sarcolemma --? depolarization (excitation of sarcolemma) --> neurotransmitter breaks up because of achesterase --> repolarization (dual ion channel)

Front 133

Neurotransmitter

Back 133

modified AA's

Front 134

Acetylcholine

Back 134

essential AA, combo of acetate and choline

Front 135

Achesterase

Back 135

breaks acetylcholine bond

Front 136

E supply

Back 136

chain of Rxs that supply R for muscle contraction and recovery, four different pathways

Front 137

ATP -->

Back 137

ADP + phosphoric acid + E (immediate use in contraction)

Front 138

CP -->

Back 138

creatine + phosphoric acid + E (resynthesis of ATP from ADP)

Front 139

Glucose --> (glycogen or blood)

Back 139

lactic acid and E (resynthesis of CP from creatine and phosphoric acid)

Front 140

Lactic Acid + Oxygen -->

Back 140

H2O + CO2 + E (resynthesis of ATP + CP)

Front 141

Smooth Muscle

Back 141

involuntary, 3-5 mm, mostly single unit (action potentials transmitted across cell via gap junctions)

Front 142

Multiunit Smooth muscle

Back 142

eye (line ciliary body), pilomotor fibers of hair (hackles)

Front 143

Structure of smooth muscle

Back 143

central nucleus, no orderly arrangement of actin and myosin (no striations)

Front 144

Action potentials of smooth muscle

Back 144

not always req for contraction

Front 145

Smooth muscle stimulation overall

Back 145

ligand binding hormone receptor, metabolite (too many = toxin but can also excite), mechanical stretch- bolus causes excitation for stomach wall to mix and ionic fluxuations, slow wave electrical activity- hormones, environment

No troponin,

Circular Contraction

Front 146

Smooth muscle stimulation steps

Back 146

Ca released from SR and Na is inside, Ca also enters from outside cell via Ca channels

inside cells- Ca binds to an adapter protein called Calmodulin --> that attraction activates kinase that phosphorylates --> myosin (light chain) to allow binding with actin

Front 147

relaxation of smooth muscle

Back 147

phosphatase breaks PO4 off and myosin head cant engage + Ca ATPase pumps Ca back to whence it came

Front 148

Cardiac muscle

Back 148

intermediate, intercalated disks at ends of muscle cells allow for transmission of electrical activity- cardiac muscle acts as syncytium, A

Front 149

Action potentials of Cardiac muscle

Back 149

occur spontaneously within pacemaker cells (sincatrical node) cells in R atrium can automatically depolarize, regulated by autonomic nervous system, electrical conduction system of heart (Na at certain points leak into surrounding walls, no T-tubules, yes troponin, two sources of Ca, Ca two sources same as smooth)

Front 150

Relaxation of cardiac muscle

Back 150

Ca+ ATPase pump

Front 151

Tetanus

Back 151

sporelated, treated with supportive therapy, neurotoxin from clostridium tetani, lockjaw (masseter stronger)

excitory impulses aren't regulated- produces continuous tonic muscle spasms

Front 152

Botulism

Back 152

botulinum toxin produced by clostridium bolulinum, limberneck in poultry

acts on neuromuscular junction- toxin prevents vesicles containing Ach @ synapse from releasing

Front 153

Rigor/ Rigor Mortis

Back 153

when most ATP is depleted- myosin heads cant separate from actin and Ca can't be sequestered back into SR by Ca pump --> no relaxation

Front 154

Fatigue

Back 154

decrease in ATP availability, function of muscle cell- not due to neurons

increase in I C concentration of metabolites (lactic acid), decrease in pH

Two metabolic pathways to produce ATP- 1.) glycolytic 2.) oxidative

Front 155

Functions of Nervous System

Back 155

Regulate movement of body parts, Regulate secretion from glands, Collect info about external and internal environment, Maintaining a state of consciousness, Stimulate behavior for survival

All req. rapid transmission of info

Front 156

Similarities about nervous and endocrine system

Back 156

They both monitor stimuli and react so as to maintain homeostasis

Front 157

Differences about nervous and endocrine system

Back 157

NS- rapid, fast acting system who effects don't always persevere

ES- acts slower (via blood-borne chemical signals: hormones) and its actions are usual much longer lasting

Front 158

Neuron

Back 158

dendrites + soma = input region, axon = conducting component that can 1 or 1 1/2 meters long ( myelin sheath (sphingomyelin), axon hillock (where it's attached), axon collateral (where it's split), node of Ranvier (has channels too), and axon terminal (secretory output region)

Front 159

Bipolar neuron

Back 159

sensory system, one side = dendrites

Front 160

Pseudo-unipolar neuron

Back 160

sensory neuron

Front 161

multipolar neuron

Back 161

motor neuron

Front 162

multipolar neuron (with arborization)

Back 162

purkinje cell from cerebellum

Front 163

Synapse

Back 163

junction between an axon of one neuron with another neuron or another cell type

Front 164

nuclei

Back 164

group of nerve cell bodies (soma) in CNS: cell processes (axons) - tracts

Front 165

Ganglia

Back 165

group of nerve cell bodies in PNS + bulge as axons are leaving, cell processes- nerves

Front 166

astr

Back 166

star

Front 167

astrocytes

Back 167

star-shaped, abundant, versatile, involved in formation of blood brain barrier

Front 168

Microglia

Back 168

specialized immune cells that act as macrophages of CNS

Front 169

Ependymal cells

Back 169

low columnar epithelial-esque cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, some are ciliated which facilitates the movement of CSF

Front 170

Oligodendrocytes/Schwanna cells (neurolemmocyte)

Back 170

produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS/PNS

Front 171

Cerebral cortex

Back 171

neuronal cell bodies (gray matter) on exterior, basal nuclei, deep subcortical gray matter ( imp. in initiation and maintenance of normal motor activity)

Front 172

Cerebellum (dorsal)

Back 172

two lateral hemispheres- median: vermis (resemblance to worm), surface has many laminae: folia, white matter central and gray mater peripheral

Front 173

function of cerebellum

Back 173

accurate timing/execution of movements and coordinate muscle activity