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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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purpose of the urinary system
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-rids waste materials
-controls volume and composition of bodily fluids |
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what is a nephron
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filtering unit that forms urine
-specialized tubular structure that's closely associated with blood vessels |
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name the parts of the renal corpuscle
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1. bowmans capsule
2. eff/aff arteriole 3. glomerulus 4. capsular space 5. parietal layer 6. visceral layer (podocytes) |
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what makes up the filtration membrane
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1. capillary endothelium
2. basment membrane 3. podocytes ?? |
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brush border? where is it?
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simple cuboidal cells of the PCT that project into the tubule's lumen
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what is the juxtamerular appartatus
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macula dense and JG cells that respond to osmolarity
-sensitve to BP |
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epi and permeability of PCT?
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simple cuboidal brush border
-lots of microvilli -highly permeable to water and many solutes |
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epi and permeability of desc loop of henle
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simple squamous
-lack brush borders, reduces SA for reabsorption -highly permeable to water but NOT solutes |
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epi and permeability of asc loop of henle an dearly distal convoluted tubulte
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cuboidal cells
-fewer, smaller microvilli -luminal membrane with glycoprotein layer -highly permeable to solutes (NACl but NOT water) |
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epi and permeability of late portion of the distal convluted tubule and coritcal colecting ducts
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cuboidal cells
principal cells: few microvilli and basal lateral folds that regulate Na and K -Intercalated cells: secretion of H+ ions for acid base balancing ***permeability to water and solutes is regulated by hormones |
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medullary collecting ducts epi and permeability
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cuboidal
principal cells few mitochondria ***hormonally regulated permeability to water and urea |
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podocyte fxn
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arm like
form pedicels adn hold membrane to gether when presure is high |
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passive barrier characteristics based on what
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charge
size |
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vasorectal BV's fdo what
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JM nephrons and aff and eff
-concentrate urine -take water so you don't destroy hypertonicity |
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describe ureters
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come in at an angle and are surrounded by smooth muscle
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how big is a kidney
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varies bc of stretching
fish |
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difference in appearance between cortex and th emedulla
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cortex: renal corpuscles, PCT's and DCT's, LOH's of cortical nephrons
medulla: CD's, LOH's of JM nephrons |
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what does a calyx look like
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ducts in epi that drop urine into mino calyx
-hollow tube that funnels urine |
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how long is a ureter
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variable
up to 12" |
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how big is the bladder
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varies by stretching
big as fist |
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length and trajectory of urethra in males
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longer than female, through penis
7-8" |
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length and trajectory of urethra in females
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shorter, bladder-->out
1-2" |
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diff between kidney x-rays with child and adult
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child: 2 ureters on each side
adult: left side you couldn't see because of white spots of blockage..kidney stones |
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describe thymus
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shrinks with age
role in development of immune system |
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islets of langerhans fxn
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produce insulin in pancreas
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adrenal gladn fxn
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produce epi and aldosterone
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diff between endocrine and exocrine
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endo: directly into blood circ
-can store in cyto or produce on demand exo: duct system, reaches large duct and goes to target organ |
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diff between hydrophilic and hydrophobic and release etc
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hydrophilic: need to active receptors
phobic: through membrane to blood, take longer b/c they produce on demand |
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testes fxn
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2-3 degrees lower than body temp for spermatozoa
-make testost for spermatazoa and secondary sex char |
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vas def fxn
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epithelial lined
-wraps around ureter and has extension called seminal vesicle which adds fluid |
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spermatic cord describe and fxn
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runs through inguinal canal
-includes vas de, testicular artery and veins *pampiniform plexu |
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inguinal canal fxn and describe
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where spermatic cord travels
-testes house here before they descend |
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prostate gland prob
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enlarges
difficulty peeing |
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seminal vesicle fxn
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add fluids
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cowpers galdn or bulourethral
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adds pre-ejaculatory lubricatn
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penis fxn
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filled with erective tissue and vascular spaces
epitherlial tissue and smooth muscles |
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what happens to artery that supplies blood to testes
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cooled first by network of veins
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hwo is pancreas exo and endo
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acini: digestive enzymes
endo(islets)-insulin and glucagon |
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endocrine organs
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1. hypothalamus
2. kidneys/adrenal gland 3. pancreas 4. thyroid 5. thymus gland 6. uterus/ovaries 7. testes 8. pinneal gland |
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ovary fxn
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produce and hold eggs
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fallopian tube fxn
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where egg gets fertilized
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uterus fxn
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opening continuous with vag
holds baby, egg implanted into the wall |
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vagina describe
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leads to cervix and uterus
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labia majora fxn
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skin with hair to protect
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labia minora fxn
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protect vaginal opening and urethra
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broad ligament fxn
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attaches all organs
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ovarian ligament
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holds ovaries in place
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round ligament
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holds uterus in place
-bent anteriorly |
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external female genitalia
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clit
lab min and major |
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supportive female strcutes
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round broad ovarian ligaments
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appearance of spermatic crod
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wide
flat tough |
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how long is the vas def? texture?
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foot and a half, depends on height
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how big is the fallopian tube
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not very long, wide with finger-like projections
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x rays of women
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normal: kidneys
abnormal: preg woman with 2kids, can't see anything |
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6 major anterior pit hormones
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FSH
LH ACTH Prolactin TSH GH via somatomedins |
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2 posterior pit hormones
where are they produced and how do they reach |
ADH and oxytocin
from hypo via axons |
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hormones that regulate anterior pit and where dot hey comef rom
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hypothal
1. TRH 2. GnRH 3. CRH 4. GHRH 5. PIH 6. somatostatins |
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how does a negative feedback system work
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enough...stop producing
too little signal to produce |
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spermatogenesis
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whole process
1. spermatagonia 2. primary spermatocyte 3. secondary spermatocyte 4. spermatid 5. spermatazoon |
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sertoli cells are impt why
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tight jxns
form blood barrier prevent antibodies sperm won't develop w/o them b/c they absorb radiation and nurse |
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spermaogonium
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biggest and protected
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spermatids do what
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transform nuclear material to become sperm
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spermiogenesis definition
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teh process from spermatid to mature sperm
-part of spermatogenesis |
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acrosomal cap fxn
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enzymes, dissolves to penetrate ovocytes
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ABP/FSH thing
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sertoli makes ABP and FSH acts on sertoli
-ABP binds testosterone...vascular...seminiferous tubule... |
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highest testosterone levels are under
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FSH influences
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ABP
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androgen binding protein
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why do the renal pyramids appear striated
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parallel bundles of ducts carrying urine from nephrons
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ex of a negative feedback loop in endocrine
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rising blood ca acts as a negative feedback to decrease PTH secretion
-blood ca levels control PTH levels |
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3 hormones involved in regulation of blood ca
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calcitonin
pth |
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3 hormones involved in reg of blood gluc levels
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insulin
glucagon cortisol epi |
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fight flight hormone
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epi
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scrotum fxn
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surround and protect testes
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sperm cord
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VD, BV's, nerves
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epidid fxn
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where sperm mature
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releasing hormones must come from
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hypothalamus
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vagina epi
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simple squamous
non-keratinized |
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difference between posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary
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anterior: releasing hormones
-released into cap plexus into sinusoids -activates cells on surface posterior: store hormones at axon terminal -neuronal activation releases hormones directly -AP's start in hypothalamus and trigger exocytosis |
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chain of events to hormone
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1. cns/hypo
2. pit gland 3. target organ 4. hormone |
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fxn of lam prop in oviduct
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nourish and secrete into lumen for development of fertilized ovum
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what is special about uterine wall
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can increase in size and #
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describe proliferative phase
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estrogen
smooth growing like ovary's follicular |
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describe secretory phase and saw tooth glands
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LH influencers
trying to create an implantable envt. saw tooth: up in size and # to increase secretions and SA |
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cortisol describe and membrane
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steroid from cholesterol
-can go through membranes so adrenal gland releases and synthesizes it on demand based on ACTH release |
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what activates the adrenal medulla
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sympathetic NS
-ACTH on surface of cell -pregang symp nerves directly activate |
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granulosa cell fxn
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create and produce estrogen from androgen
-grow aroudn oocyte |
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ovulation sees surge in and what happens
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LH
granulosa get released into cavity |
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what replaces corp lut with preg
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placenta
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