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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Soma(cell body)
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contains the metabolic organelles
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Dendrite
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receptor site
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Axon
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transmits information from neuron
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Axon hillock
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generator site for action potential
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Terminal end button
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contain synaptic vesicles
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Myelin sheath
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insulator of axon
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schwann cells
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Glial cells that form myelin in PNS
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oligodendrocytes
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they are glial cells that make myelin in CNS
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Nodes of Ranvier
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permit saltatory conduction
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Neurotransmitter
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substance that facilitates synapse
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Synaptic cleft
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region between pre- and postsynaptic neurons
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Synapse
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communication between two neurons
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Mitochondria
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organelles responsible for energy generation and protein development--- found in the button
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Astrocytes
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provide primary support for neurons, aid in the suspension of neurons and transport nutrients from the capillary supply.
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microglial cell
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perform housekeeping process know as phagocytosis.
they eat away damaged cell so that they do not cause infections |
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Myelin
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speeds up neural conduction.
axons that have myelin wrapping around them are capable of conduction impulses at a greater rate than those who don't have them |
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Interneuron
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largest class of neurons in the brain.
its job is to provide communications between the neurons, and they do not exit the CNS |
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motor neuron
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efferent in nature
typically bipolar neurons that activate the muscular and glandular response |
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How the impulse
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environment---sensors to sensory nerves (afferent)----spinal cord to brain to spinal cord---motor nerve to effectors(efferent)
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Sensors
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are the means by which your nervous system translates information concerning the internal and external environment onto a form (action potential, neural impulse) that is useable by the brain.—skin, mucous membrane, eyes, nose…
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Effectors
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are the means by which your body responds to changing conditions under the control of CNS.—muscles and glands
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Nervous system
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Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system |
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CNS
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Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical structures, brainstem)
spinal cord |
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PNS
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12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves All sensory receptors |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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governs involuntary activities of the visceral muscles or viscera( cardiac, glandular, digestive)
subdivided into sympathetic system and parasympathetic system |
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Sympathetic system
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Activates a variety of responses in a fight or flight situation
Includes: increased heart rate Respiration Increased blood pressure Energy mobilization Decreased digestive and reproductive function works for short term |
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Parasympathetic
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Maintains heart rate, respiratory, metabolic, and digestive functions under normal conditions – opposite of sympathetic
Includes: Slowing of heart rate Decreased blood pressure Constricts pupils Constricts airways Stimulates digestion works long term |
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Somatic nervous system
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Voluntary control to skeletal muscles.
The motor component divided into pyramidal and extra pyramidal systems |
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Pyramidal System
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Directs all voluntary movements
Pathway from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and brain stem Often organized into 2 tracts: Corticospinal Corticobulbar |
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Ascending tracts
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sensory (afferent) fibers
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Descending tracts
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motor (efferent) fibers
Pyramidal System Extrapyramidal system |
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Extrapyramidal system
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All of the other descending pathways that are not included in the Pyramidal system
Coordinating pathway Comprised of 4 descending pathways Vestibulospinal pathway Rubrospinal tract Tectospinal tract Olivospinal pathways Reticular substance |
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Meninges
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Dura mater
Arachnoid Pia mater |
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Dura mater
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tough bilayered, most superfical
outer layer though and inelastic and meningeal arteries course through this layer. second layer epidural space |
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Arachnoid mater
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the lining is lacy, spiderlike structure
a covering through which many blood vessels for the brain pass |
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Pia mater
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thin, highly vascularized, that closely follows the contour of the brain
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Function of meninges
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To protect the brain: like a cushion, by CSF
To hold structures (lobes) in place during movement: dura mater is tough To provide support for the structures |
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Dura matter infolds
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Falx Cerebri
Falx Cerebelli Tentorium Cerebelli Diaphragma Sella |
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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horizontal dural shelf that divides the cranium into superior (cerebral) and inferior (cerebellar) region it supports the cerebrum from compressing the cerebellum and the brain stem
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Falx Cerebelli
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in between the lobes of cerebellum
separating the left and right cerebellar hemisphere for protection and isolation |
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diaphragma Sella
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forms boundary between pituitary gland and the hypothalaums and optic chiasm
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Falx Cerebri
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completely separates the two cerebral hemispheres down to the corpus callosum
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CSF
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cerbrospinal fluid produced by choroid plexus.
it buffers the brain (the cerebral hemispheres) and structures from sudden movements of the the head and also serves as transport function. |
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Ventricles
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Lateral ventricles (paired)
Third Ventricle (unpaired) Cerebral aqueduct Fourth Ventricle (unpaired) |
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Cisterns
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The subarachnoid space widens to form cisterns
The lumbar cistern is location of lumbar puncture (below L1) |
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Cerebral longitudinal fissure
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separates the left and the right cerebral hemispheres
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Cerebrum 5 lobes
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Frontal lobe
occipital lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe insular lobe |
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frontal lobe
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Largest
Important in executive functions Broca’s area located here Also helps regulate memory, emotion motor inhibition and intellect Contains the precentral gyrus or motor strip |
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Parietal Lobe
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Important for sensation from the entire body
Contains the postcentral gyrus--sensory functions, supramarginal---motor planning of speech, and angular gyri--comprehension of written material |
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temporal lobe
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Auditory and receptive language centers
Heschl’s gyrus-location of the brain where all the auditory information is projected Wernicke’s area--damage to this area leads to disturbance in decoding spoken language |
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Occipital Lobe
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Posterior aspect of the brain
Receives visual stimulation and higher level visual processing |
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insula
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located deep region of the cerebrum known as operculum
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Arcuate fasciculus
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part of long associate fibers(does not cross hemispheres)
permits the superior and middle frontal gyri to communicate with the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. dominant pathway between Broca's and wernicke's area. |
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Basal ganglia
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group of cell bodies intimately related to the control of background movement and initiation of movement patterns.
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Parts of Basal ganglia
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Includes:
the caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus The globus pallidus and putamen combined together are termed the lentiform The putamen and caudate nucleus together are called the striatum |
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Hypothalamus
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Ventral to the thalamus
involved in functions including homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic nervous system Controls the pituitary. |
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amygdala
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Located in the temporal lobe
Involved in memory, emotion, and fear |
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Hippocampus
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In basal medial part of the temporal lobe
This part of the brain is important for learning and memory (converting short term memory to more permanent memory) Recalling spatial relationships in the world about us |
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Thalamus
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All sensation except for the olfaction passes through the thalamus.
of those sensation only the pain and temperature sense is consciously perceived as the thalamus but pain cannot be localized Large mass of gray matter deeply situated in the forebrain |
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Limbic system
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hypothalamus
amygdala hippocampus thalamus |
