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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name the primary lymphatic organs?
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thymus and red bone marrow
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what is the ability to ward off disease?
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resistance
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what is the lack of resistance?
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susceptibility
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what is the general defensive mechanism on a wide range of pathogens (disease producing mocrobes)?
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nonspecific resistance
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what is the ability to fight a specific pathogen?
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specific resistance
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what resistance is cell-mediated immunity?
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specific
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what resistance is antibody-mediated immunity?
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specific
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red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes are all organs involved in the what?
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lymphatic system
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there is a fluid called what in the lymphatic system?
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lymph
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what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
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drainage, transport, facilitating imune response
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lymphatic vessels move in what direction?
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one
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lymphatic capillaries have ____ endothelial cells and ____ filament
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overlapping, anchoring
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lymphatic capillaries combine to form what?
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lymphatic vessels
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(lymphatic capillaries) ___ is in the GI tract and contains ___
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lacteals, chyle
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what resemble veins with thin walls & more valves
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lymphatic vessels
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vessels unite to form lymph ___ & ___
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trunks, ducts
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lymph has what kind of pumps?
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respiratory & muscular pumps (same as venous return)
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what is the source of the formation of lymph?
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fluid and proteins
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what organs provide environment for stem cells to divide & mature into B and T lymphocytes?
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primary lymphatic organs
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what is the site where pre-T cells from red marrow mature?
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thymus
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what is the site where most immune responses occur?
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secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
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lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules are what kind of lymphatic organs?
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secondary
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what is the flow direction of lymph?
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in one direction
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(lymph nodes) afferent vessels go in what direction?
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they lead in
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(lymph nodes) efferent vessels go in what direction?
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they exit
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only what filters lymph?
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nodes
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what is a stroma?
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support structure
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what is the function of the capsule, trabeculae, and the reticular fibers?
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support structures
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the parenchyma contain the ___ and the ___?
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cortex, medulla
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(spleen) parenchyma consists of ____ & ____
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white pulp, and red pulp
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the cortex of the parenchyma contain ___cells, ___-___cells, and ____
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dendrite, antigen presenting, macrophages
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what in the parenchyma contains (stores) B cells & plasma cells?
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medulla
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the cortex of the thymus contain tightly packed ____ & ____
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lymphocytes, marophages
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the cortex of the thymus contains dendrite cells which function in what?
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T-cell maturation
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what in the thymus stores mature T-cells, epithelial cells, dendrite cells, and macrophages?
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medulla
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(spleen) the stroma consists of the ____, and ____
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capsule, trabeculae
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the white pulp in parenchyma are ____ & ____
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lymphocytes and macrophages
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removal of damaged/worn out RBCs,
storage of platelets, production of blood cells in fetus, are functions of the what? |
spleen
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what are concentrations of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule?
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lymphatic nodules
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what is in the ileum of the small intestines?
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peyer's patches
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what forms a ring at the top of the throat?
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tonsils
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adenoids, palatine, and lingual are three types of what?
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tonsils
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mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is located in the where?
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nose and throat
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nonspecific resistance to disease is ____ protection, and lacks ____ responses
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immediate, specific
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nonspecific resistanses to disease have ____ & ____ barriers
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mechanical and chemical
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the epidermis, mucous membrane, cilia & mucous, and the washing action of the lacrimal apparatus is ____ protection
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mechanical
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sebum(inhibits growth of bacteria & fungus), perspiration, lysozymes(breakdown bacterial cells), gastric juices, and vaginal secretions are ____ protection
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chemical
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iterferons, complement proteins, and transferens are ____ proteins
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antimicrobial
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in the cortex of the parenchyma in the lymph nodes, B cells proliferate into ____-secreting plasma cells
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antibody
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what is produced by virally infected lymphocytes & macrophages?
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interferons
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natural killer cells attack cells displaying abnormal what?
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MHC antigens
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NK cells release ____ that perferate the membrane of the cell and cause cytolysis
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perforins
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what is apoptosis?
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programmed cell death
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nuetrophils and macrophages are two major types of what?
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phagocytes
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what kind of macrophages stand gaurd in specific tissues?
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fixed
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what kind of macrophage is in most tissue?
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wandering
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alveolar macrophages are fixed macrophages located in the where?
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lungs
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chemotaxis > adherence > ingestion > digestion & killing > exocytosis, are steps of what?
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phagocytosis
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damaged cells initiate what?
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inflammation
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histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes contribute to ____ & increased ____ of vessels
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vasodilation, permeability
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vasodilation & increased permeability, phagocyte emigration, and tissue repair are the stages of what?
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inflammation
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what does cytokines mean?
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cell divsion
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what intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits bacterial growth, and speeds up tissue repair?
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fever
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what is the bodies ability to defend itself against specific foreign material or organisms?
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specific resistance or immunity
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what is the ability to recognize self & nonself?
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specificity
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when a second encounter occurs with an antigen it produces an even more vigorous response, this is called what?
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memory
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once ___ & ___ & MHC-1 connect they're activated and they produce more KT that don't need HTs to be activated
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KT & HT
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antibodies circulate in the ___ and ___
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lymph and blood
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the first exposure to antigen response is steady and slow, this is called the ____ ___ response
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primary immune
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ventilation in and out of the lungs is called what?
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pulmonary ventilation
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the function of the respiratory system is what?
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gas exchange
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the nasal ____ has increased surface area to prevent dehydration in the nasal cavity
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conchae
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the ____ sinuses lighten the skull & resonate the voice
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paranasal
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(pharynx)
the nasopharynx is a passageway for ___ only |
air
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(pharynx)
the laryngopharynx is a common passageway for ___ & ___ and ends as the ______ |
food and air, esophagus
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what stops food from going down the trachea?
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epiglottis
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the trachea splits into what?
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bronchi
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blood vessels, nerves & airways enter the lungs at the what?
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hilus
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the respiratory bronchioles are the _____ of the branches, and they supply air to the _____
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smallest, lobules
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the aveoli ____ surface area
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increase
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alveolar fluid reduces _____ ____
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surface tension
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the _____ ____ ia a combination of alveolar and capillary walls
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respiratory membrane
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deoxygenated blood arrives through the ____ ____ from the right ventricle
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pulmonary trunk
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air moves ___ the lung when pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure
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into
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as the size of a closed container decreases, pressure inside increases is the _____ law
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boyle's
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contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome and ____ volume
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increases
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the _____ cavity is potential space between ribs and lungs
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pleural
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inhalation is the _____ process
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active
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alveolar pressure falls in (inhalation/exhalation)
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inhalation
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in the passive process of exhalation elastic _____
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recoil
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alveolar pressure increases in (inhalation/exhalation)
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exhalation
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the ____ of the lungs is the ease with which lungs and chest wall expand elasticity
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compliance
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each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure is _____ law
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dalton's
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the quality of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends upon the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is _____ law
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henry's
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the ___ of ______ of gases depends upon the partial pressure of gases, surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility & molecular weight of gases
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rate of diffusion
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oxygen binds with hemoglobin to form ________
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oxyhemoglobin
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what is the tendensy for oxygen and hemoglobin to combine?
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affinity
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if pO2 increases affinity _____
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increases
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CO2 (lowers/raises) acidity
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raises
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as acidity increases, O2s affinity for Hb _____
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decreases
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the ____ effect is the relationship of acidity and affinity
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bhor
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pCO2 and acidity make affinity go (up/down)
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down
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as temperature increases affinity _____
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decreases
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as temperature increases, more __ is released
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O2
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CO2 combines with the ____ part of the Hb
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globin
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what is carbaminohemoglobin?
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carbon and hemoglobin
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carbon is transported in the blood as ______ ion
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bicarbonate
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the ______ ____ controls breathing
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respiratory center
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cytotoxic T cells secrete what?
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perforin
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antibodies combine with ___ on antigens that trigger its production
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epitope
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the ____ ____ response is much stronger than the primary (the 2nd exposure)
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secondary immune
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the exchange of gases(Co2 & O) between the lungs and the blood is ____ respiration
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external
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the skin, nasal bones, & cartilage in the external nasal structures are lined with what?
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mucous membrane
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_______ ciliated columnar epithelium with ____ cells line the nasal cavity and everywhere in the respiratory system
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pseudostratified, goblet
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the ____ is a passageway for food and air, a resonating chamber for speech production, and houses the tonsils
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pharynx
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(pharynx)
the oropharynx is a common passageway for ___ & ___ |
food and air
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the larynx is made out of what?
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cartilage
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thyroid cartilage form the what?
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adam's apple
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the mucosa, submucosa, and hyaline cartilage are all layers of the what?
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trachea
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what cell has a required costimulation of HT cells and by cytokines?
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cytotoxic T cells
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antibodies combine with ___ on antigens that trigger its production
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epitope
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the immune system gets weaker with ___
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age
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the exchange of gases between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid(tissues) is ____ respiration
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internal
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what is recognized as foreign and provokes the immune response?
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antigens
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what are on the immune cells (antibodies)?
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antigen receptors
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what is the ability to carry out immune responses if stimulated?
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immunocompetence
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what cell secretes antibodies?
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B cells
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what is the measure of simularity?
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histocompatibility
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what is agglutination?
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clumping of cells
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T cells mature in where?
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thymus
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does B or T cells have a cell-mediated response?
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T cells
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are B cells or T cells a antibody-mediated response?
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B cells
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the __ ____ ___ is effective against bacteria
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antibody-mediated response (B cells)
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the __ ____ ___ is effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, cancer, and tissue transplants
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cell-mediated response (T cells)
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antigens are what?
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chemical name tags
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immunogenicity and reactivity are required characteristics to be considered an _____
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antigen
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what is immunogenicity?
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the ability to provoke the immune response
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what is the small portion of antigen that triggers the immune response?
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epitope
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what is the smaller substance that cannot trigger an immune response unless attached to a body protein? (second component)
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hapton
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what molecules are built into the cell membrane of all cells except red blood cells
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MHC-1
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is MHC-1 voluntary or involuntary?
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voluntary
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what markers are seen only on the membrane of antigen presenting cells (macrophages, B cells, thymus cells)?
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MHC-2
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is MHC-2 voluntary or involuntary?
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involuntary
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if cell is infected it is displayed in what?
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MHC-1
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helper T cells only see antigens if part of _____ molecules on surface of antigen presenting cell
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MHC-2
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cytotoxic T cells only see antigens if part of ____ molecules on surface of body cells
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MHC-1
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foreign antigen in body fluid is _______ by APC (antigen presenting cell)
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phagocytized
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what are the foreign antigens that are present in fluids outside of body cells?
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exogenous antigens
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what are foreign proteins that are produced within a body cell?
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endogenous antigens
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cell-mediated immunity begins with activation of ___ by a specific antigen
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T cells
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what cells function is to costimulate all other lymphocytes?
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helper T cells
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what cells job is also to costimulate?
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cytokines
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what is the rupture of a living cell in which the contents leak out?
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cytolysis
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___ __ are B cells that are now active
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plasma cells
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what cells in the presence of foreign antigens become activated in the lymph nodes, spleen, or peyer's patch?
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B cells
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neutralization, immobilization, agglutination, complement activation are ____ actions
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antibody
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pulmonary, external, internal, and cellular are types of what?
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respiration
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the use of O and the production of Co2 is ____ respiration
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cellular
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what do goblet cells do?
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secrete mucous
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the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx are all distinct regions of the what?
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pharynx
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(pharynx)
the oropharynx is a common passageway for ___ & ___ |
food and air
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where is the voicebox located?
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the larynx
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the trachea is covered in what kind if epithelia?
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pseudostratified columnar
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primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchi, and bronchioles are what?
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branch from the trachea, largest to smallest
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the _____ ducts are surrounded by alveolar sacs & alveoli
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alveolar
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____ fluid keeps the alveoli wet
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alveolar
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the ____ in alveolar fluid relaxes surface tension so alveoli can expand
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surfactant
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what removes foreign substances before it causes infection in the lungs?
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alveolar macrophages
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_____ arteries branch off of the aorta to supply oxygenated blood to the lung tissue
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brachial
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air moves ___ of the lungs when pressure inside of the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure
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out
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______ __ requires muscular activity & chest size changes
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beathing in
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_____ ____ covers the lungs
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visceral pleura
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the ____ pleura lines the ribcage and covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
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parietal
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intrapleural pressure falls in (inhalation/exhalation)
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inhalation
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exhalation is the ____ process
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passive
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surface tension in alveoli pulls inward in (inhalation/exhalation)
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exhalation
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pressure difference, surface tension, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance are factors affecting ___ ___
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air flow
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the ____ _____ is the resistance to airflow which depends upon airway size
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airway resistance
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_____ is more prevelent than O2 in air
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nitrogen
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oxygen _____ dissolve easily in water
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does not
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