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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The type of development that states how a child changes over time
example: walking, talking |
General Development
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The type of development that states a child's transition into their own unquie persons
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Individual Differences
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What are the four holistic Theories?
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3 Big Questions Again
Behaviorism Evolutionary Theory Ecological Systems Theory |
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Behaviorism was founded by what three theorists?
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Watson
Pavlov Skinner |
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Example of a Positive Stimlus
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Working at Woods; continually give the children praise when they successfully complete a taste
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An example of Positive Punishment
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Spanking your child
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An example of Negative Stimulus would be
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Parent constantly nagging child to clean room.
The child finally does this to only have the parent off the child's case. |
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Example of Negative Punishment would be
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A child being placed in time-out.
The next time child will remember the outcome of a certain action |
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According to Darwin and the Evolutionary Theory; what has the biggest impact on a child's development?
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the child's development follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species.
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What theory views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
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Ecological Systems Theory
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Consists of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings
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Miro system
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Ecompassess connections between mirosystems
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Mesosystem
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Made up of socail settings that do not contain children but nevertheless affect their experiences in immediate settings
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Exosystem
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Consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
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Macrosystems
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Who was responsible for an approach that had moved to the forefront of the field because it offers the most differentiated and complete account of contextual influences on children's development
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Urie Bronfenbrenner
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Explain the "BoBo-Doll" experiment
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children hitting the doll
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Nature
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Genes
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Nurture
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Enviroment
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A code example of height
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Genotype
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A code that is expressed by the enviroment
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Phenotype
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Twins that were split by birth, and tested on what would be the cause of similarities between the two twins?
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If the twins showed evidence of similarities then this would be high indicator of genes
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Twins that are born inside the same zygote
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Identical/Mono zygotic Twins
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Twins that are born in different zygotes but the same ova
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Fraternal/Dizygotic Twins
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The IQ accounts for how much of the baby's genes?
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50%
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Gene-Environment Correlations
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Means that the genes we are given at birth tend to guide us into the type of environment that we are exposed to.
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Limitations to twin studies
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If the environments are totally different then there will be differences in the way that the twins are raised and the outcomes will be off
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The correlation that states the parents construct the environment for the young child
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Passive Correlation
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Authoritrian partening
and Environmental supports for aggression (genes of parents that lead the children to agression, by the actions the parents do) |
Passive Correlation/Aggression
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Mostly dealing with older children, when the child now chooses the environment in which they feel like would like to be apart of
referred to as: Niche-picking |
Active Correlation
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Delinquent peer groups, adult criminal behaviors = niche created has turned aggressive.
Children's genes cause them to escalate fights with parents |
Active Correlation/Aggression
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The primacy of infancy
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this deals with, whatever happens to us when we are young effects our development
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Life at Shalom
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very routinized schedule
once a week discipline meeting (spanked in multiples of 7) No hot water when one kid gets sick they all do |
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Who takes care of the children at Shalom
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hermono and hermonas
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What is the policy about adoption for the owners, The Benner's, of Shalom.
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They don't allow adoption because they feel your taking away the country's future
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What are the two different types of motor skills
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Gross and Fine
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Large movements
(walking, kicking) |
Gross Motor Skills
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Movements done with mostly the hands
(writing, grasping the pencil) |
Fine Motor Skills
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Motor Development starting at the head then down to the toes
(travels downward) |
Cephalocaudal
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Motor Development starting from center (torso) and outward towards the hands
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Proximodistal
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Walks alone by around what time?
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11 months and 3 weeks
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Crawls by around what time?
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7 months
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Baby starts to reach by around what time?
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3 months
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Touch:
fetus can suck thumb, stroke cheek |
8 weeks
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Touch:
fetus' entire body is sensitive to touch |
32 weeks
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Taste:
taste buds look like adults at this point in time |
13-15 weeks
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Hearing:
fully developed at |
18 weeks
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Sight
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last to develop
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Sight:
eye actually open |
26 weeks
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Baby's hearing perference
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Mother and Father's voice
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Sight:
20/20 becomes possible at this point |
6 months
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Perceiving where an object is in space, also in relation to other object as well
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Depth Perception
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Explain the Visual Cliff experiment
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Baby at 2 months will go passed the checkered floor where as the baby 7 months will not because they have learned their boundaries and understand depth perception
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Way to study infant perception
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Habituation Studies
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How does the ability to reach change a baby's world
(According to the movie: The Baby Human: To Walk) |
allows baby to interact with the world for the first time.
first 5 months baby can only reach out in front of baby |
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Karen Adolph: The Gap
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Based on experience the baby will learn better depth perception.
also needs to relearn the boundaries in its surrounding areas. |
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Karen Adolph: The Slope
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The baby needs to decided whether whats safe and the amount of experience helps this.
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Head circumference at birth
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34cm
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Growth per year:
pounds and intches |
2 to 3 "
and 5lbs |
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Body mass index is measured how
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weight (kg) / height (m)2
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Different types of growth charts for children
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BMI Charts
Percentiles |
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Definition of an overweight child:
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95th percentile
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At-Risk-of-over-weight for a child:
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85th percentile
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Overweight for an adult
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> 25
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Obese for an adult
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> 30
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Childhood overweight causes these types of issues later in life
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Obesity during adulthood
type 11 diabetes sleep disturbance depression increased mortality |
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Provides all essential energy and nutrients
Protection aganist infections Decrease rates on infancy mortality Enhances cognitive development |
Benefits from breastfeeding
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What is the transition time for solid foods
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6 months
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Innate Preferences/like or not?
sweet: Bitter: Sour: Salty: |
Sweet: would consume more of
Bitter: rejection of taste Sour: rejection of taste Salty: neutral response |
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Explain repeated exposure to infants to overcome neophobic tendencies
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If you give a baby something they don't like, try over and over again and get that taste firmilar to them
(around 20 times) they slowly will come around to become assicated with the taste and being to like the taste. |
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Baby's should not drink cow's milk until what age level?
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one year of age
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Metabolism differences:
Dealing with breatfeeding |
1.Better balance of responses to hormones
2.Optimad weight gained in 1st year 3.Lower risk of overweight during childhod |
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Infant eating behaviors:
Dealing with breaffeeding |
1.Milk expression determined by infant demand
2. Infant learns to stop eating when full 3.Child knows when they are full |
