Animals, Vertebrates And Invertebrates

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Animals.unicellular or multicellular?

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multicellular

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autotrophic or heterotrophic?

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Heterotrophic

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prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

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eukaryotic

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How do most of them obtain food?

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ingestion

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ingestion:

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eating food and digesting within the body

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Do they have cell walls?

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No

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Mobile or immobile?

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Mobile

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Most of them reproduce?

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sexually

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What are the 3 things that food is broken down into nutrients?

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proteins,carbohydrates, fats

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Proteins:

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amino acids; used for building materials

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carbohydrates:

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simple sugars(monosaccharides); used for energy.

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fats:

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fatty acids and glycerol; used for stored energy(glycogen)

Front 13

how many digestive tracts do animals have?

Back 13

one or two

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How many digestive tracts is more efficient?

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two

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What are the different kinds of specialized cells of animals?

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nerve, blood, muscle and stomach cells

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nerve cells:

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conduct information

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blood cells:

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transport materials

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muscle cells:

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movement

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stomach cells:

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digestion

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How is a zygote formed?

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egg + sperm = zygote (fertilized cell)

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What does the zygote first divide by mitosis to form?

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blastula

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blastula:

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a hallow ball of cells

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the Blastula then develops to form?

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the gastrula

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gastrula:

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indented form

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3 germ layers of the gastrula:

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ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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ectoderm:

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outer layer of cells; becomes skin and nervous system

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endoderm:

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inner layer of cells; forms digestive tract

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mesoderm:

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middle layer of cells; becomes muscles and internal organs

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do all animals have all 3 of these germ Layers?

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yes

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Some gastrula's will develop into the

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adult stage

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other gastrula's will develop into a

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larva stage

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larva stage:

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immature individuals that look different than the adult; will then change into the adult stage

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3 body plans of symmetry for animals:

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asymmetry, radial and bilateral

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asymmetry:

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no shape; irregular structure; permanently attached to a surface (sessile)

ex. sponge

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radial symmetry:

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symmetrical arrangement of radiating parts around a central point; no left or right halves; top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral) surface

ex. sea star

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bilateral symmetry:

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divides into equal right and left tabs

head-anterior

tail-posterior

back-dorsal

belly-ventral

ex. human

Front 37

organisms with asymmetry...

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sessile, "filter feeders" ; no movement

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organisms with radial symmetry...

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sedentary or passively drifting

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organisms with bilateral symmetry...

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brain; sense organs; mouth on head; mobile; better movement and getting food.

Front 40

some animals have a body cavity, or a

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coelom

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coelom:

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fluid filled space between digestive tract and outer body wall.

-allows space for internal organs

Front 42

3 types of body plans:

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acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

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acoelomate:

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solid compact body; no cavity; organs and tissues; one opening in digestive tract

ex. ; flatworm

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pseudocoelomate;

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"false cavity" ; fluid filled cavity between endoderm and mesoderm; mesoderm only partly lines cavity, so organs only loosely are held in place; allows better movement,

ex. roundworm

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coelomate:

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"true cavity"; cavity within the mesoderm that is completely lined; space for complex organs and better muscle function

ex. earthworm

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protostomes:

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gastrula opening becomes mouth of organism.

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deuterostomes:

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gastrula becomes anus of organism

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invertebrate chordates. backbone?

Back 48

No

Front 49

invertebrate chordates examples:

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sea squirts and lancelets

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3 main characteristics:

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notochord, dorsal, gill slits

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notochord:

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long, semi rigid rod like structure between dorsal nerve chord and digestive system

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dorsal:

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hallow, nerve chord (develops from ectoderm)

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gill slits:

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food is filtered out and gas exchange occurs as water filters through

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vertebrate chordates. features:

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bilateral symmetry, coelomates, endoskeleton (internal), closed circulatory system (blood in vessels), complex nervous system (brain+spinal chord), efficient respiratory system

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fish. 3 classes:

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Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, osteichthyes

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Agnatha:

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jawless fish

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Chondrichthyes:

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cartilage fish

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Osteichthyes:

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boney fish

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habitat:

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aquatic environments

Front 60

what do they use for gas exchange?

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gill slits

Front 61

what do they use their paired fins for?

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balance, steering, and swimming

Front 62

Fish have what kind of chambered heart?

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2 chambered heart

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ventricle:

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upper chamber

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atria:

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lower chamber

Front 65

Sensory system of a fish?

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lateral line system (line of fluid filled canals running along the sides of fish used to detect movement and vibrations in water

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scales:

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thin, bony plates formed from skin.

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backbone (vertebrae):

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major support; provides flexibility

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feature that allows fish to control how deep they are:

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swim bladder

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swim bladder:

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controls depth in the water

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spawning:

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laying eggs in water; external fertilization

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Amphibians. advantages of moving onto land?

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larger food supply;, shelter, more oxygen in the air

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disadvantages of them moving onto land?

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changes in air temp., bodies were too heavy

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"amphibia" means?

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"double life"- aquatic larvae and semi terrestrial adult

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why do they rely on reproductive purposes?

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reproduction:eggs have no shell; must remain moist

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ectothermic:

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body temp. changes with the environment

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metamorphosis:

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tadpole(fins, gills, 2 chambered heart) adult( legs, lungs, 3 chambered heart)

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How did amphibians 3 chambered hearts come about?

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when they moved from water to land, more oxygen and water was needed.

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Reptiles. examples?

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snakes, lizards, alligators, turtles

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advantages of scaly skin on reptiles?

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prevents water loss, provides protection

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how many chambers in the heart of a reptile?

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3 chambers

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why do alligators have 4?

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more oxygen is able to reach body tissues; support higher level of energy

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position of legs?

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under the animal

Front 83

purpose of claws?

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protection, and to get food

Front 84

what kind of eggs do reptiles lay and where do they lay the?

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amniotic egg, on land

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3 components of eggs:

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shell, yolk, albumen

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shell:

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protect it

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yolk:

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main food supply for the embryo

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albumen:

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(white) food and water

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Reptiles are ectothermic-

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body temp. changes with the environment

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most eat?

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plants

Front 91

plant eating animals?

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herbivores

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"sense" organs are?

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heat sensitive- enable them to detect tiny changes in air temp. brought about by pretense of warm blooded animals.

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how do they smell?

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tongue

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Birds. purpose of them moving to "air based" creatures?

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large insect population; get away from land predators

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birds belong to what class?

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Aves

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Aves were the first to show?

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successful strategy for survival

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characteristics of birds?

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claws

scales on feet

fertilization:internal

shelled amniotic egg

feathers-modified scale- enables flight and serves as insulation

preening- keeps feathers in good flying conditons

molting (shedding of old feathers)

nocturnal- active at night

Front 98

ways that birds have adapted to flying:

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front limbs: wings

sternum: larges bones to which flight muscles attach

4 chambered hearts

endothermic: constant body temp.

lives in all environments

hollow bones: lighter in weight

beaks: (no jaws, no teeth) too heavy

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mammals.endothermic:

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constant body temp

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adaptations that cool mammals bodies?

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panting and sweating

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glands:

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groups of cells that secrete a fluid(salivary, milk, digestive, hormones, sweat. )

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diaphragm:

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large muscle under the Lungs that force air in and out ; separates the thoraic (chest) and the abdominal cavities

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What did mammals hair evolve from?

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scales

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purpose of mammal's hair:

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insulation and water proofing, conserves body heat, camouflaging, signals danger

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mammals adapted method for getting food:

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limb modification(ex.: primates have opposable thumbs to grasp food.)

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4 types of specialized teeth of mammals?

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incisors: cutting/gnawing

canine: tearing/shredding

premolars/Molars: crushing/grinding

cud chewing: for hooved animals

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mammary glands:

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produce milk

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intelligence:

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complex behavior, highly developed brains

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3 subclasses of mammals?j

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monotremes, marsupials, placental

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monotremes:

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egg laying mammals (duckbilled platypus, spiny anteater)

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marsupials:

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pouched animals (kangaroo, opossum)

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placental

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carries its young in a uterus (placenta-the organ that nourishes the young)

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gestation period

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time spent in a uterus