Animals

Front 1

cleavage

Back 1

mitotic cell division of zygotes

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blastula

Back 2

hollow ball fromed by zygote

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gastrulation

Back 3

creates layers of tissue that will give rise to adult features

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blastospore

Back 4

opening of gastrula

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blastocoel

Back 5

fluid filled cavity of blastula

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archentron

Back 6

pouch formed by gastrulation, the developing digestive tube

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parazoa

Back 7

no true tissue, asymmetrical

sponge

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eumetazoa

Back 8

true tissues, all animal phyla but sponges, embryo layered by gastrulation, layers eventually form tissue and organs

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ectoderm

Back 9

outer germ layer of embryo, gives rise to animal's covering and possibly the CNS

Front 10

endoderm

Back 10

innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube (the archenteron), gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract/cavity and the organs within it, such as the liver and lungs

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radial symmetry

Back 11

able to meet environment equally well from all sides, phyla Cnidaria

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diploblastic

Back 12

two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm

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bilateral symmetry

Back 13

has dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior sides/ends

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cephalization

Back 14

trend toward collecting sensory equipment on the anterior end

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triploblastic

Back 15

in addition to endoderm and ectoderm, has a third layer: mesoderm, which forms muscles and other ograns between the digestive tube and the outer covering

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coelem

Back 16

a body cavity, fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall, triploblastic animals possess

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acoelomate

Back 17

triploblastic with solid bodies: no cavity between the digestive tract and outer covering

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pseudocoelomate

Back 18

has body cavity that is not completely lined by tissue derived from the mesoderm

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coelomate

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has true coelom: cavity completely lined by tissue from the mesoderm

Front 20

importance of body cavity

Back 20

cushions suspended organs, some contain incompressible fluid that acts as a skeleton for muscles, enables internal organs to grow and move independently from outer body wall

Front 21

protostome

Back 21

spiral and determinate cleavage, mesoderm splits to form coelomic cavities (schizocoelous), blastospore becomes mouth

Front 22

deuterstome

Back 22

radial and indeterminate cleavage, mesoderm buds from archenteron and hollows out (enterocoelous), blastospore becomes anus

Front 23

phylum porifera (sponges)

Back 23

sessile, hermaphroditic, need to know spongocoel, osculum, choanocytes, mesohyl and amoebocytes, no true tissue

Front 24

spongocoel

Back 24

central cavity of sponge

Front 25

osculum

Back 25

opening where water flows out of spongocoel

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choanocytes

Back 26

collar cells, have flagella that generate a water current, trap food particles, ingest by phagocytosis

Front 27

mesohyl

Back 27

gelationus region that separates the two layers of cells that make up the body of the sponge

Front 28

amoebocytes

Back 28

have pseudopodia, take up food from water and the choanocytes, digest it, carry nutrients to other cells, manufacture tough skeletal fibers within the mesohyl

Front 29

phylum cnidaria

Back 29

diploblastic, hydras, jellies, anemones, corals, have gastrovascular cavity, cnidocytes, nematocysts, hydrostatic skeleton, and nerve net, can be polyps or medusas

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gastrovascular cavity

Back 30

a central digestive compartment

Front 31

cnidocytes

Back 31

unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey in cnidarians' tentacles

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nematocysts

Back 32

stinging capsules, type of cnidae, organelles that give Cnidarians their name

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nerve net

Back 33

Cnidarians nervous system, noncentralized, simple sensory structures that are radially distributed, so can detect and respond to stimuli equally from all directions

Front 34

polyps

Back 34

Cnidarian body plan, cylindrical forms that adhere to substrate by the end opposite the mouth, extended tentacles wait for prey, ex. hydras, se anemones

Front 35

medusa

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cnidarian body plan, flattend version of polyp, moves freely in water, alternates between drifting and contracting body, ex. jellies

Front 36

cnidaria classes

Back 36

hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, and anthozoa

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hydrozoa

Back 37

cnidaria: hydras, some corals

mostly marine, both polyp and medsa, colonial polyps

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scyphozoa

Back 38

cnidaria: jellies, sea nettles

marine, reduced polyp state, free swimming

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cubozoa

Back 39

cnidaria: box jellies, sea wasps

marine, box shaped medusa, complex eyes

Front 40

anthozoa

Back 40

cnidaria: sea anemones, most corals, sea fans

marine, no medusa stage, mostly sessile and colonial

Front 41

phylum platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Back 41

triploblastic, acoelomates, marine

classes: turbellaria, cestoda, monogenea, trematoda

Front 42

class turbellaria

Back 42

planarians: eyspots, pharynx, ventral nerve cords, ganglia

Front 43

class cestoda

Back 43

tapeworms: scolex (anterior end with suckers and hooks) and proglottids (sacs of sex organs)

Front 44

phylum rotifera

Back 44

pseudocoelomates, complete digestive tract, and parthenogenesis

Front 45

parthenogenesis

Back 45

females produce more females from unfertilized eggs

Front 46

phylum mollusca

Back 46

soft-bodied, some with protective calcium carbonate shell, have foot, visceral mass, mantle, and radula

Front 47

foot

Back 47

muscular, used by molluscs for movement

Front 48

visceral mass

Back 48

contains most of the internal organs in molluscs

Front 49

mantle

Back 49

a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass nd secretes a shell in molluscs

Front 50

radula

Back 50

organ in molluscs used to scrape up food

Front 51

phylum mollusca classes

Back 51

polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, cepalopoda

Front 52

phylum annelida

Back 52

segmented worms, coelom is separated by septa, closed circulatory system, blood with hemoglobin, cerebral ganglia and nerve cords, hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize

Front 53

phylum annelida classes

Back 53

oligochaeta, polychaeta, hirudinea

Front 54

phylum nematoda

Back 54

roundworms, cuticle (exoskeleton) is periodically shed, complete digestive tract, NOT segmented, pseudocoelom, no circulatory system, Trichinella spiralis: causes trichinosis in humans, get by eating undercooked meat

Front 55

phylum arthropoda

Back 55

segmented, hard exoskeleton, jointed apendages

exoskeleton: chitin and protein, protection and points of attachment for muscles (have no bones), waterproof and strong

molting (ecdysis) for growth, vulnerable to predators

well-developed sensory organs with extensive cephalization

open circulatory system, hemolymph is pushed into sinuses by a heart

Front 56

phylum arthropoda lineages

Back 56

trilobites (extinct), chelicerates (class arachnida), uniramians (classes insecta, diplopoda, and chilopoda), and crustaceans (class crustacea)

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chelicerates

Back 57

lineage of arthropods, class arachnida: horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, spiders, have chelicerae: clawlike feeding appendages, no atennae, and simple eyes

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uniramians

Back 58

lineage of arthropods, classes insecta, diplopoda, and chilopoda: centipedes millipedes, and insects, have mandibles, one pair of antennae, and unbranched appendages

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crustaceans

Back 59

lineage of arthropods, class crusacea: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, have mandibles, two pairs of antennae, and branced appendages

Front 60

spiders and other chelicerates

Back 60

cephalothorax and abdomen, chelicerae: feeding appendages which serve as pincers or fangs

arachnids: six pairs of appendages
1. chelicerae (fanglike with poison)
2. pedipalps (sensing or feeding)
3-6. walking legs
spiders put digestive juices on prety to soften the food, then suck up the remains
gas exchange by book lungs

Front 61

book lungs

Back 61

stacked plates contained in an internal chamber, the extensive surface area of these respiratory organs is a structural adaptation that enhances the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the hemolymph and air in spiders

Front 62

millipedes

Back 62

vegetarians, two pairs of legs per segment

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centipeds

Back 63

carnivores, one pair of legs per segment

Front 64

insects

Back 64

wings are extensions of the cuticle, not appendages
malpighian tubules: remove metabolic waste from hemolymph
tracheal system brings oxygen to cells, opens to the outside by spiracles, cerebral brain with two ventral nerve cords, either incomplete or complete metamorphosis

Front 65

spiracles

Back 65

pores that can control air flow and water loss by opening or closing (found in insects)

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incomplete metamorphosis

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the young (nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller, have different body proportions, and lack wings

series of molts make nymph look more and more like an adult

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complete metamorphosis

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have larval stages specialized for eating and growing, look completely different than adults, metamorphosis occurs during a pupal stage

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crustaceans

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two pairs of antenna, isopods, copepods, decapods

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isopods

Back 69

terrestrial, freshwater, and marine crustaceans

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decapods

Back 70

lobsters, crayfish, crabs, and shrimp
hardened calcium carbonate cuticle

Front 71

copepods

Back 71

planktonic crustaceans

Front 72

phylum echinodermata

Back 72

sessile or slow-moving, water vascular system, tube feet, larvae have bilateral symmetry, adults are radial

Front 73

water vascular system

Back 73

unique to echinodermata, network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called TUBE FEET that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

Front 74

phylum chordata

Back 74

subphyla urochordata, cepalochordata, and vertebrata

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chordates 4 characteristics

Back 75

notoord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; muscular, post-anal tail

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notocord

Back 76

in all chordate embryos, flexible rod located between digestive tube and nerve cord, remnants in humans: gelatinous material in the discs between vertebrae

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dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Back 77

develops in to CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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pharyngeal slits

Back 78

posterior to the mouth

Front 79

muscular, post-anal tail

Back 79

can be used for locomotion

Front 80

subphylum urochordata (tunicates)

Back 80

incurrent siphon, atrium, excurrent siphon/atriopore, looks most like chordate when larva

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subphylum cepalochordata (lancelets)

Back 81

all four characteristics are present in adult

Front 82

agnathans (jawless vertebrates)

Back 82

hagfish: slimey, cartilaginous, no vertebrae

lampreys: lick through prey, no vertebrae, cartilaginous

Front 83

subphylum vertebrata evolution

Back 83

brain and cranium first, vertebral column second, jaws, boney skeleton and paired appendages later

jaws evolved from skeletal rods that supported the pharygeal gill slits

Front 84

class chondrichtyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Back 84

sharks, skates, and rays
oil in liver, will sink if stop swimming, gas exchange over gills, sharp vision (no colors), nostrils for smelling not breathing
lateral line system
can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous

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lateral line system

Back 85

a row of microscopic organs sensitive to vibrations in the surrounding water

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oviparous

Back 86

lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body (chondrichthyans)

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ovoviviparous

Back 87

retain the fertilized eggs in the oviduct, hatch within the uterus (chondrichthyans)

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viviparous

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young develop within the uterus and obtain nourishment prior to birth by receiving nutrients from the mother's blood througha yolk sac placenta (chondrichthyans)

Front 89

osteichtyes (bony fishes)

Back 89

bony scales, lateral lint, operculum, swim bladder, ray-finned fish (bass, trout), lobe-finned fishes and lung fishes: led to evolution of tetrapods

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operculum

Back 90

protective bony flap that covers gills

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swim bladder

Back 91

air sac that allows osteichthyans to control their buoyancy

Front 92

class amphibia

Back 92

orders urodela, anura, and apoda

many use moist skin for respiration, external fertilization of jelly-coated eggs in water

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order urodela

Back 93

salamanders

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order anura

Back 94

frogs, many don't go through the tadpole/frog life style

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order apoda

Back 95

caecilians

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amniotic egg

Back 96

allowed for animals to complete life cycle on land, extraembryonic membrances, foun din reptiles, birds, and mammals (no more shell)

Front 97

extraembryonic membranes

Back 97

membranes that develop from tissue layers that grow out from the embryo, function in gas exchange, waste storage, and transfer of stored nutrients to the embryo

Front 98

class reptilia

Back 98

scales of keratin (like our hair) to prevent dehydration, cannot breathe through skin, need lungs
shelled amniotic eggs on land, internal fertilization
ectotherms
types: testudines (turtles), sphenodontia (tuataras), squamata (lizards and snakes), and crocodila (alligators and crocodiles)

Front 99

ectotherms

Back 99

absorb heat rather than generate it internally, needs fewer calories than endotherms

Front 100

testudines (turtles)

Back 100

hard shell

Front 101

squamata (lizards and snakes)

Back 101

snakes have vestigial pelvic and limb bones, carnivores, sensitive to ground vibrations (no eardrums), acute sense of smell (tongue flicks odors into roof of mouth), and loose jaws

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crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles)

Back 102

most of the time in water, upturned nostrils

Front 103

class aves (birds)

Back 103

bones: honeycombed, light but strong
lightweight: absence of some organs (single ovary, no teeth, etc)
food "chewed" in gizzard
endothermic
extremely efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
excellent eyes, internal fertilization, shelled egg kept warm by a parent
airfoil wings for flight, large breast muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum
feathers made of keratin
Archaeopteryx: bird ancestor

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endothermic

Back 104

in birds, feathers and fat help retain heat

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class mammalia

Back 105

mammary glands that produce milk, hair made of keratin, endothermic: hair and fat help retain heat, efficeitn circulatory and respiratory systems suport high metabolic rate, larger brains, internal fertilization, different shaped teeth
types: monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

Front 106

monotremes (platypus)

Back 106

lay eggs
no nipples, glands on skin secrete milk

Front 107

marsupials (kangaroo, koala)

Back 107

born early in development, complete development while nursing inside marsupium (pouch)

Front 108

eutherians (placentals)

Back 108

longer pregnancy