Animalia Diversity: Vertebrates

Front 1

what kind of common ancestor do vertebrates have? Deuterostom or protostome?

Back 1

deuterostome

Front 2

what are the 4 shared derived characteristics of all chordates?

Back 2

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

notochord

muscular post-anal tail

pharyngeal slits or clefts

Front 3

what is a notochord?

Back 3

some kind of structure that provides rigid support from the head to tail

Front 4

what does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop into in humans?

Back 4

spinal cord

Front 5

what does notochord turn into in human development?

Back 5

vertebral discs

Front 6

are cephalochordata vertebrates or invertebrates?

Back 6

invertebrates

Front 7

what clade do lancelets fall under?

Back 7

cephalochordata

Front 8

what kind of genes got duplicated and increased complexity of organisms? what are these genes functions?

Back 8

Hox genes

Front 9

what are hox gene functions?

Back 9

genes that organize the major regions of a vertebrate body plan

Front 10

what is the basal level vertebrate we talked about?

Back 10

Myxini: Hagfish

Front 11

how do hagfish keep away predators?

Back 11

secrete slime through slime glands and suffocate those who come near

Front 12

what kind of backbone do hagfish have?

skeletal or cartilaginous?

Back 12

the vertebra are composed of cartilage

Front 13

conodonts are a transition species from what two kinds of species?

Back 13

chordates to vertebrates

Front 14

what are vertebrates?

Back 14

Vertebrates are chordates with a backbone

Front 15

cephalochordata are not technically vertebrates, they are chordates. What adaptation got them to this higher level of classification?

Back 15

duplication of hox genes that are expressed in 'head' formation

Front 16

what are gnasthostomes?

Back 16

jawed vertebrates

Front 17

what adaptation raises gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) up a classification level from vertebrates?

Back 17

another duplication of hox genes

Front 18

if hox genes duplicated once in cephalochordata, then again from vertebrates to gnathostomes, how many hox genes do gnathostomes have?

Back 18

4 sets of hox genes

Front 19

from what structures did jaws evolve from in gnathostomes?

Back 19

skeletal rods that previously supported the front pharyngeal slits or gills

Front 20

what three advantages did gnathostomes develop due to increased forebrain and sensory organs?

Back 20

enhanced sense of smell

enhanced vision

enhanced sense of vibration in the water

Front 21

what is the skeleton made of in chondrichthyes?

Back 21

cartilage
chondo = cartilage

ichthyes = fish

Front 22

what does it mean to be oviparous? is there live birth?

Back 22

to lay fertilized eggs outside of the body

no live birth

Front 23

what does it mean to be ovoviviparous? is their live birth?

Back 23

retain fertilized eggs in oviduct that are fed by a yolk and hatch in the uterus, then give live birth.

Front 24

what does it mean to be viviparous? is their live birth? how is it different from ovoviviparous?

Back 24

viviparous means the young fully develop in utero

prior to birth they are fed by mom via placenta

then give live birth

Front 25

why must sharks keep swimming?

Back 25

they are denser than water and would sink otherwise

Front 26

what are osteichthyans? what 2 kind of fish fall under this category?

Back 26

boned fish

Osteo = bone

ichthyes = fish

Ray-finned fish

lobe-fin fish

Front 27

what do ray-finned fishes have that chondrichthyes do not?

Back 27

true bone skeletons

swim bladder for buyancy

Front 28

what are some of the fish that are ray-finned fishes?

Back 28

sea horse

blob fish

hairy frog fish

Front 29

what are some of the fish to be lob-fin fishes?

Back 29

coelacanth

lung fish

Front 30

what is special about lungfish and their adaptation for survival? what clade and group are they under?

Back 30

they survive out of water by using some of the gas from their swim bladder for respiration.

they are lobe-finned fish under osteichthyans

Front 31

what is special about tetrapod vertebrae?

Back 31

have true vertebrae

2 that allow for up and down movement as well as side to side movement

Front 32

where are bones of the hind legs attached tetrapods?

Back 32

attached to the pelvic girdle that is fused to the backbone

Front 33

what kind of species is tiktaalik?

Back 33

a transitional species

Front 34

what do pharyngeal clefts give rise to in tetrapods?

Back 34

ear parts

Front 35

what common pattern of bone structure is seen in all tetrapods?

Back 35

1 bone connecting to the shoulder; two bones connecting to that (humorus connecting to ulna and radius); and finally a bunch of small in the hand/claw/fin/wing

Front 36

what are 5 tetrapod characters?

Back 36

Neck

ribs

fin skeleton

flat skull

eyes on top of skull

Front 37

what are 3 fish characters?

Back 37

scales

fins

gills and lungs

Front 38

why must amphibians skin be moist?

Back 38

it is what allows for gas exchange to occur

Front 39

what kind of fertilization do most amphibians do? (external or internal)/

Back 39

external

Front 40

what kind of metamorphosis do frogs go through?

Back 40

complete

Front 41

what kind of animals fall under class amphibia?

Back 41

frogs and salamanders

Front 42

what is special about the eggs in marsupial frogs?

Back 42

eggs are transferred to either sex on the back, belly, or mouth under the dermal layer

Front 43

what are amniotes?

Back 43

tetrapods that have a terrestrial adapted egg

Front 44

what surrounds the embryo in the egg of an amniote?

Back 44

amnion

Front 45

what is the function of the amnion in amniote eggs?

Back 45

surrounds the embryo in a fluid-filled compartment that baths and cushions the embryo