Animal Structure And Function

Front 1

5 Levels of Animal Structure

Back 1

1. Cellular

2. Tissue

3. Organ

4. Organ System

5. Organism

Front 2

Define: Tissue

Back 2

A unit of very similar cells that perform a specific function

Front 3

4 Major Categories of Tissues in Animals

Back 3

- Epithelial

- Connective

- Muscle

- Nervous

Front 4

Where is epithelial tissue found on the body?

Back 4

Occurs as sheets of closely packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs

Front 5

Define: Free Surface

Back 5

Side of tissue that is exposed-- may be to outside of body (like epidermis) or to a open organ or passageway (as in cells that line intestine)

Front 6

Define: Basement Membrane

Back 6

Side of the tissue that is anchored to underlying tissue

Front 7

Describe 2 main ways Epithelial tissues are named or classified.

Back 7

- According to the number of cell layers

- According to the shape of most cells

Front 8

Describe 2 main types of epithelial tissues based on cell layers

Back 8

- Simple: single layer of cells

- Stratified: multiple layers

Front 9

Describe 3 main types of epithelial tissues based on the shape of cells

Back 9

- Squamous: fairly flat, like floor tiles

- Cuboidal: like blocks or cubes

- Columnar: like columns, or bricks standing on end

Front 10

Describe the function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 10

Regenerates rapidly by division of the cells at its attached surface. New cells move toward the free surface as older cells slough off

Front 11

Describe the function of Simple Squamous Epithelium

Back 11

Thin and leaky, suitable for exchanging material by diffusion (i.e. blood vessels and alveoli in lungs)

Front 12

Describe the function of Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelium

Back 12

Produce proteins for secretion; have a large surface area for absorption ; many also secrete mucous

Front 13

Describe the common characteristics of all connective tissue

Back 13

A sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix. The cells produce and secrete the matrix, which is usually a web of fibers embedded in a liquid, jelly, or solid

Front 14

6 types of connective tisue

Back 14

1. Loose Connective Tissue

2. Adipose Tissue

3. Blood

4. Fibrous Connective Tissue

5. Cartilage

6. Bone

Front 15

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 15

Connective Tissue- Serves mainly as binding and packing material, holding other tissues and organs in place

Front 16

Adipose Tissue

Back 16

Connective Tissue- Contains fat

Front 17

Blood

Back 17

Connective Tissue- Transports substances from one part of the body to another and important in immunity

Front 18

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Back 18

Connective Tissue- Forms tendons and ligaments

Front 19

Cartilage

Back 19

Connective Tissue- Forms a smooth surface where bones come together and provides flexible support (i.e. nose and ears)

Front 20

Bone

Back 20

Connective Tissue- Provides support and a place for muscle attachement

Front 21

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Back 21

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

Front 22

Skeletal Muscle

Back 22

Muscle Tissue- Attached to bones and responsible for movement

(Striated - Voluntary - Unbranched)

Front 23

Cardiac Muscle

Back 23

Muscle Tissue- Heart muscle

(Striated - Involuntary - Branched)

Front 24

Smooth Muscle

Back 24

Muscle Tissue- Muscles in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs

(Not striated - Involuntary - Unbranched)

Front 25

Function of the Nervous System

Back 25

Senses stimuli, determines and directs responses, and enables the body to function as a coordinated whole

Front 26

Components of a Neuron

Back 26

- Cell Body

- Dendrite

- Axon

Front 27

Cell Body of a Neuron

Back 27

Contains nucleus

Front 28

Dendrite of a Neuron

Back 28

An extension that carries signals toward cell body

Front 29

Axon of a Neuron

Back 29

An extension that carries signals away from cell body

Front 30

Define: Organ

Back 30

A structure that performs a specific function- it is made of one or more tissue types

Front 31

Heart Tissues

Back 31

- Muscle

- Epithelial

- Connective

- Nervous

Front 32

Small intestine tissue arrangement

Back 32

- Lumen

- Columnar Epithelial (folded to increase surface area)

- 1 layer of Connective Tissue

- 2 layers of Smooth Muscle Tissue

- 1 layer of Connective Tissue

Front 33

12 Organ Systems

Back 33

1. Digestive

2. Respiratory

3. Circulatory

4. Lymphatic

5. Immune

6. Excretory (or Urinary)

7. Endocrine

8. Reproductive

9. Nervous

10. Muscular

11. Skeletal

12. Integumentary

Front 34

Digestive System Function

Back 34

Ingests food and breaks it down into smaller chemical units

Front 35

Respiratory System Function

Back 35

Exchanges gases with environment

Front 36

Circulatory System Function

Back 36

Supplies nutrients & oxygen to body cells, carries carbon dioxide to lungs and other wastes to other sites (like the kidneys)

Front 37

Lymphatic System Function

Back 37

Returns fluid (lymph) to blood, keeping blood volume constant

Front 38

Immune System Function

Back 38

Protects body by attacking foreign substances, infectious microbes, and cancer cells

Front 39

Excretory / Urinary System Function

Back 39

Removes nitrogen containing waste products of cellular metabolism from the blood & voids them from the body

Front 40

Endocrine System Function

Back 40

Secretes hormones in the blood; these hormones affect the behavior of specific cells, thereby regulating such activities as digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, heart rate, and water balance

Front 41

Reproductive System Function

Back 41

Produces egg and sperm & protects and supports developing offspring

Front 42

Nervous System Function

Back 42

Sends and receives signals to coordinate body activities

Front 43

Muscular System Function

Back 43

Moves various parts of the body

Front 44

Skeletal System Function

Back 44

Provides support and protection

Front 45

Integumentary System Function

Back 45

Protects internal body parts from mechanical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, and from drying out

Front 46

3 Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques

Back 46

1. CT- computed tomogrophy

2. MRI- magnetic resonance imaging

3. PET- positron-emission tomography

Front 47

CT: Computed Tomogrophy

Back 47

X-rays produce images of a series through the body. The CT scanner computer then produces high-resolution video images of the cross sections, which can be studied individually or combined into various 3-D views

Front 48

MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Back 48

Powerful magnets are used to align hydrogen nuclei & a scanner picks up radio waves from the nuclei. A computer translates these signals into an image

Front 49

PET: Positron-Emission Tomography

Back 49

A scanner measures the amount of radio actively labeled glucose taken up by metabolically active cells. A computer translates the signals into an image showing location of these metabolically active cells

Front 50

Interstitial Fluid

Back 50

The aqueous solution that surrounds the body cells. Materials that are exchanged between blood and body cells must pass through interstitial fluid.

Front 51

Define: Homeostasis

Back 51

A dynamic equilibrium, where the body tries to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of changes in external environment

Front 52

Define: Negative Feedback

Back 52

When a change in one condition triggers the control mechanisms to counteract (or negate) further change in the same direction.

Ex: A thermostat detects an increase in temperature. The thermostat then activates an AC that helps lower the temperature