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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Active movement from place to place
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locomotion
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consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
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hydrostatic skeleton
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What kind of skeleton do hydra have? How do they manipulate it?
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hydrostatic skeleton,
by changing the shape of the compartment, it controls form and movement, they can elongate by closing its mouth and using contractile cells in the body wall to contrict the central GV cavity |
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How do hydra increase in lenght their tenticles?
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They decrease the diameter of the cavity and forces water to be compressed and increase pressure extending limbs
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Where do nematodes hold fluid?
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in their pseudocoelom, its under high pressure and contractions of the long muscles result in thrashing.
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Where is coelomic fluid found?
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in earthworms hydrostatic skeleton
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What divides coelomic cavities in earthworms, and what does this segmentation allow the earthworm? How do they move because of it?
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Septa divides earthworms and allows the animal to change the shape of each segment individually.
Peristalsis is how they move, supports burrowing and crawling, but not running |
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In many molluscs the mantle secretes a calcareous substance, what does this substance become?
What is its composition? |
It is the exoskeleton, mostly of cuticle, that is 30-50% chitin
Muscles attach to the inside and molt to grow |
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What makes up an exoskeleton?
sponges echinoderms chordates |
hard supporting elements within the soft tissues of an animal.
- reinfored by hard spicules of inorganic material - hard plates of MgCO3, and CaCO3, bound by protien fibers - cart. bone, some combination |
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What kinds of fibers run along the lenght of a skeletal muscle? What is each one of those individual units?
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a bundle of long fibers, and each fiber has a muscle cell with multi nucleai
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What makes up a fiber?
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a bundle of small myofibrils that are composed of two types of filaments, actin myosin
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Z Lines
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form striations and are at the borders of the sarcomere, Thin filaments are attached
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I Band
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At rest there are only thin filaments
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The A Band
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broad region that corresponds to the length of the thick filament,
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H zone
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contains only thick filaments at rest.
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how does the length of the sarcomere shorten? What is this process?
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Sliding-filament model
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A typical muscle fiber at rest contains ATP enough for how many contractions?
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A few
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where is the energy required for continued contractions stored?
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In creatine phosphate and glycogen
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What does creatine phosphate do?
How long does the resting supply sustain contractions for? |
it can transfer a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
About 15 seconds sustained |
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When glycogen is broken down to glucose what are two ways it can generate ATP?
How LONG can these sustain contractions? |
Aerobic respiration - hours
or glycolysis- 1 minute |
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ALS
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neurons in the brain/spinal cord degenerate, and the muscle fibers they synapse with atrophy, no cure usually fatal, progressive condition.
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Botulism
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from bacterium: Clostridium botulinum: paralyzes muscles by blocking the release of Ach
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When a muscle fiber contracts with a brief contraction
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twitch
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what are several ways a whole muscle, can contract?
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Graded: voluntarily alter the extent and str due to the number of muscle fibers and the rate in which they are stimulated
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Motor unit
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a single motor unit with the fibers it controls, synapsed with a motor neuron
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The strength of a contraction:
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depends on how many muscle fibers/mortor neurons it controls a few to hundreds
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INcreasing the amount of motor neurons controlling a muscle is called
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recruitment
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What are 3 causes of fatigue?
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Depletion of atp, dissipation of ion gradients and the accumulation of lactate
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2 ways a contraction can be prolonged:
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1. Alternate activation among motor units in a muscle, allowing the taking turns of maintaining contraction
2 Producing graded whole-muscle contractions by varying the rate of muscle fiber stimulation |
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What does the Summation of action potentials do?
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It will increase muscle fiber tension
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Tetanus
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if the rate of stimulation is fast enough the muscle does not relax btw stimuli, the twitches fuse into a sustained contraction
-elastic tendons ct are stretched and all tension by the muscles is xferred to the bones |
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Fast vs slow muscle fibers
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fomer rapid powerful but fatique fast
sustained contractions/endurance The latter has fewer SR |
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Glycolytic fibers
vs oxidative fibers and the 3 types |
Fast glycolytic:
rely on glycolysis Fast oxidadive and slow oxidadive rely on aerobic respiration more mitochondria, better blood supply, large amounts of myoglobin (a protein that stores O2) |
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Skeletal muslce vs Cardiac and smooth
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Cardiac: AP 20x longer (can be)
Smooth locks striations, lacks troponin complexes no T-Tubules, poor SR, Ca+2 enters via the plasma membrane. Slow contractions but more control over contraction str. |
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Flight muscles of insects
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are independent rhythmic contractions similar to the heart, bc the wings can beat faster than AP can travel from their CNS
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Two factors that work against locomotion
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Friction and gravity
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Fast swimmers have what kinds of bodies?
3 ways animals swim (3 types) |
water is boyant, gravity isn't a big problem but friction is, fusiform bodies overcome friction (at least some of it)
-animals use legs as oars -animals squirt out water -animals move bodies side to side or whales up and down |
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For land what is the difference in bodie structure than for water
and an example |
water fusiformed
land powerful muscles and skeletal support ie: kangaroos legs act like a spring |
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Crawling vs running
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Crawling lots of energy to move, balance no prob
Running momentum keeps body upright, Snakes moving side to side help from scales |
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Biggest problem when flying
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Gravity,
need aerodynamic wings as airfoils, light body mass, hollow bones no teeth |
