Animal Science Study Guide

Front 1

what is an organ system?

Back 1

a group of organs,which work together to perform a certain task

Front 2

what are the two stages of growth?

Back 2

prenatal and postnatal

Front 3

how does poor nutrition play a role in these stages of growth?

Back 3

depends on age, length of time, and kind of nutrtion.

Front 4

how does nutrition play a role postnatal growth?

Back 4

animals are not able to manufacture certain nutrients essential to life.

Front 5

how does nutrition play a role in embryos and fetuses

Back 5

nutritional needs of young are carefully protected.

Front 6

what role does the mother play in the nutritional needs of the embryo/fetus

Back 6

nutritional needs are protected.

mother will go to extent of drawing her own body reserves.

if nutrients are severely deficient during pregnancy, birth weight maybe deficient.

Lack of minerals may effect offspring without effecting birth weight.

Front 7

malnutrition

Back 7

a disorder of nutrition, which is usually a state of inadequate nutrition.

Front 8

severe malnutrition

Back 8

for extended period time will prevent animal from reaching it's normal mature size.

Front 9

compensatory gain

Back 9

animal that has been underfed is on full feed, will abnormally rapid gain.

Front 10

how does heretability effect growth

Back 10

a single gene or group of genes control the maximum growth potential of an individual.

Front 11

give an example of a single pair of genes severely limits growth of an individual.

Back 11

dwarfism

Front 12

how does prenatal growth effect a chicken

Back 12

egg limits size because of amount of nutrients available.

Front 13

how does the birth weight in litter bearing animals like pigs and rabbits during prenatal growth.

Back 13

the size of the litter may effect the birth weight because of available uterine space and nutrients.

Front 14

from birth to weaning, how does the mother effect a young animals growth.

Back 14

growth is heavily effected by amount of milk given.

Front 15

when can an individuals genetic potential be more easily evaluated?

Back 15

post weaning

Front 16

the mature size of animals is directly related to ...

Back 16

rate of gain and feed efficiency

Front 17

what is the function of the skeletal system?

Back 17

provides movement, support, and protection.

Front 18

what percent of water is found in bone?

Back 18

50%

Front 19

what percent of minerals are found in bone?

Back 19

26

Front 20

which minerals mostly make up bone?

Back 20

calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate

Front 21

what percent or protein is found bone?

Back 21

20

Front 22

what percent of fat is found in bone?

Back 22

4

Front 23

what are the two selection the skeletal system can be divided by?

Back 23

axial and appendicular

Front 24

describe the axial skeleton

Back 24

bone are close to midline axis of body. Includes the skull, vertebrae, and ribs.

Front 25

describe the appendicular skeleton

Back 25

bones project from the body in the pectoral and pelvic limbs, and connected to the body through the bones of the girdles.

Front 26

describe long bones

Back 26

support, locomotion, and storing minerals. and they are long and wide.

Front 27

give examples of long bones

Back 27

femur, tibia, and fibula,

Front 28

describe short bones

Back 28

they are shaped like cube and are located in complex joints, like the knee and hock. they diffuse concussion and diminish friction.

Front 29

give examples of short bones

Back 29

knee, hock, and fetlock.

Front 30

describe flat bones.

Back 30

they protect vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. They are longer and wider than thick.

Front 31

give examples of flat bones.

Back 31

skull, scapula, sternum, ribs, and pelvis.

Front 32

describe irregular bones

Back 32

protect the central nervous system.

Front 33

give an example of irregular bonea

Back 33

the vertebral column.

Front 34

describe sesamoid bones

Back 34

bones embedded with a tendon. found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint.

Front 35

give examples of sesamoid bones

Back 35

patella.

Front 36

points where two or more bones meet

Back 36

joint

Front 37

thick band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Back 37

tendon.

Front 38

tough band of connective tissue connecting one bone to another

Back 38

ligament.

Front 39

layer of protective hard bone tissue surrounding every bone.

Back 39

compact bone

Front 40

soft bone filled with many holes and spaces surrounded by hard bone

Back 40

spongy bone.

Front 41

what is the main purpose of the muscular system

Back 41

provides movement in conjunction with the skeletal system

Front 42

movement of the muscle is under the control of the animal

Back 42

voluntary

Front 43

movement of the muscle is NOT controlled by the animal

Back 43

involuntary

Front 44

what type of muscle is involuntary and found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels

Back 44

smooth muscle

Front 45

what type of muscle is involuntary and forms a network to make up the heart

Back 45

cardiac muscle

Front 46

what type of muscle in both Involuntary and voluntary, attaches to bone allowing movement of your bones.

Back 46

skeletal muscle.

Front 47

what is the purpose of the digestive system?

Back 47

works to physically and chemically break down food.

Front 48

what are the three types of digestive systems

Back 48

monogastric, ruminant, and cecal ruminant.

Front 49

simple stomach with an extensive intestinal system (humans and swine)

Back 49

monogastric

Front 50

complex stomach with a simpler intestinal system (cattle and sheep)

Back 50

ruminant.

Front 51

simple stomach with an extensive intestinal system and enlarged cecum (horse and rabbits)

Back 51

cecal fermenters

Front 52

what grasps food, chewing breaks down food.

Back 52

mouth

Front 53

what enzyme do salivary glands secrete

Back 53

amylase

Front 54

what does the enzyme amylase breaks down?

Back 54

starch

Front 55

muscular tube that connects mouth to stomach

Back 55

esophagus

Front 56

what does the esophagus do?

Back 56

peristaltic movement and reverse perstalsis

Front 57

sequential contractions of ring like muscles

Back 57

peristaltic movement

Front 58

vomiting

Back 58

reverse perstalsis

Front 59

various muscles that break down food into smaller and smaller pieces

Back 59

stomach

Front 60

where does enzymatic digestion of proteins occur and foodstuffs reduced to a liquid form?

Back 60

stomach

Front 61

what is the stomach covered in?

Back 61

villi

Front 62

long coiled tube connecting stomach to large Intestine

Back 62

small intestine

Front 63

where do the final stages of chemical enzymatic digestion occur and where almost all nutrients are absorbed

Back 63

small intestine

Front 64

what is the small intestines covered in?

Back 64

villi

Front 65

what consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum

Back 65

large intestines

Front 66

where is water absorbed, bacterial fermentation, and feces formed?

Back 66

large Intestine

Front 67

in which digestive system is the large intestine a huge and critics importance for utilization of cellulose

Back 67

cecal fermenters

Front 68

largest internal organ

Back 68

liver

Front 69

provides bile salts to the small intestine

Back 69

liver

Front 70

what is critical for digestion and absorption of fats.

Back 70

bile salts.

Front 71

secretes enzymes to small intestine which are critical for digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and protein.

Back 71

Pancreas.

Front 72

maintains pH level of stomach

Back 72

pancreas.

Front 73

what is the main purpose of the respiratory system

Back 73

cleans air before it enters the inner body.

provides oxygen to tissues

removes carbon dioxide from the body.

temperature control and elimination of waste and voice production.

Front 74

external openings that takes in air.

Back 74

nostrils

Front 75

large fluid filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. connected to the mouth by a hard and soft palate.

Back 75

nasal cavity.

Front 76

common passageway for food and air, but not at the same time

Back 76

pharynx

Front 77

a valve like structure that shuts when swallowing food.

Back 77

epiglottis

Front 78

voice box for animals, controls breathing, keeps objects out of lungs.

Back 78

larynx

Front 79

wind pipe, allowing passage of air to the lungs. consists of cartilage rings.

Back 79

trachea

Front 80

two tubes from trachea, each side enters and conducts air into the lungs

Back 80

bronchi

Front 81

small tubes from extending from bronchi

Back 81

bronchioles

Front 82

Hollow cavity found on the end of the bronchioles responsible for gas exchange. exhausts carbon dioxide

Back 82

alveoli

Front 83

sheet of muscle located beneath the lungs, which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity

Back 83

diaphragm

Front 84

contraction of the diaphragm

Back 84

inhalation

Front 85

diaphragm relaxes

Back 85

exhale

Front 86

cone shaped and divided into 2 lobes. elastic spongy material which expand when filled with air.

primary purpose is gas exchange.

Back 86

lungs

Front 87

purpose of the circulatory system

Back 87

provides nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and oxygen to the cells of the body and filters carbon dioxide and other waste materials from the body

Front 88

Hollow muscular organ, which pumps blood and substances around the body in tubes called blood vessels

Back 88

heart

Front 89

receiving chambers.

Back 89

atria

Front 90

discharging chambers

Back 90

ventricles

Front 91

the rate at which the heart pumps blood through the body.

Back 91

heart rate

Front 92

collects blood from body

Back 92

upper right atrium

Front 93

pumps blood to the lungs

Back 93

lower right ventricle

Front 94

receives blood from lungs

Back 94

upper left atrium

Front 95

pushes blood to the rest of the body

Back 95

lower left ventricle.

Front 96

tubes in the body, which carry blood away from the heart

Back 96

blood vessels

Front 97

blood vessles that carry blood away from the heart.

Back 97

arteries

Front 98

responsible for carrying oxygen and other important nutrients out to the body

Back 98

arteries.

Front 99

smallest blood vessles in the body

Back 99

capillaries

Front 100

allow diffusion and are responsible for actually delierving oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues

Back 100

capillaries

Front 101

what do capillaries connect?

Back 101

arteries to veins

Front 102

blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

Back 102

veins

Front 103

which blood vessels carry blood that is low in oxygen, depletes of nutrients, and loaded with waste products.

Back 103

veins

Front 104

which blood vessles do nurses draw blood from

Back 104

veins

Front 105

most common type of blood cell

Back 105

red blood cells

Front 106

oxygen carrying components of blood, delivering oxygen to body tissues

Back 106

red blood cells

Front 107

make up 1% of blood

Back 107

white blood cells

Front 108

cells of the immune system, defend against infectionous disease and foreign materials

Back 108

white blood cells

Front 109

bits of cells that have broken off from larger cells, they produce tiny fibers, which form a net to catch other blood cells in order to form a clot

Back 109

platelets.

Front 110

number of platelets is too low

Back 110

excessive bleeding

Front 111

number of platelets are too high

Back 111

blood clots can form, which may obstruct blood vessels and result in stroke, heart attacks or pulmonary embolism.

Front 112

yellowish liquid, which forms fluid portion of blood.

Back 112

plasma

Front 113

55% of the total blood volume

Back 113

plasma

Front 114

transports red and white blood cells and platelets.

Back 114

plasma

Front 115

purpose of the nervous system

Back 115

network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself.

Front 116

basic unit of structure/function in the nervous system (conducts impusles)

Back 116

neurons.

Front 117

what are neurons made of?

Back 117

dendrites, cell body, and axon

Front 118

branch like extensions, recieve impulses and carry them toward cell body.

Back 118

dendrites

Front 119

single extension of the neuron, carries impulses away from the cell body.

Back 119

axon

Front 120

what are the three types of neurons?

Back 120

sensory, Interneurons, and motor.

Front 121

Carry impulses from inside and outside body to brain and spinal cord.

Back 121

sensory neurons

Front 122

in brain, spinal cord, process arriving impulses and pass to motor neurons.

Back 122

Interneurons

Front 123

carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord.

Back 123

motor neurons.

Front 124

how do these neurons work if someone taps you on the shoulder

Back 124

skin senses touch, sensory neurons transmit message.

brain sorts and Interprets the message and Interneurons determine a response.

motor neurons transports response message, so shoulder muscles stimulate and head turns.

Front 125

which two categories is the nervous system divided into.

Back 125

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

Front 126

which systems work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli

Back 126

CNS and PNS

Front 127

acts as body's control center, coordinates body's activities.

Back 127

CNS

Front 128

made up of the brain and spinal cord

Back 128

CNS

Front 129

what protects the brain

Back 129

skull

Front 130

what protects the spinal cord

Back 130

vertebrae

Front 131

what are the three main sections of the brain

Back 131

cerebral, cerebellum, and brainstem.

Front 132

2 hemispheres, controls memory, intelligence, muscles, conscious activities, language, wrinkled with countless folds and grooves and covered with an outer layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex

Back 132

cerebrum

Front 133

what covers out layer of the cerebrum

Back 133

gray matter called cerebral cortex

Front 134

how many lobes is the cerebral cortex divided into?

Back 134

4

Front 135

muscle coordination development, memory of physical skills.

Back 135

cerebellum

Front 136

what happens if your cerebellum is injured

Back 136

your movements become jerky

Front 137

made up of medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain.

Back 137

the brainstem

Front 138

controls involuntary actives like heart rate and breathing

Back 138

medulla oblongata

Front 139

act as a pathway connecting various parts of the brain with each other.

Back 139

pons and midbrain.

Front 140

main function of PNS

Back 140

to connect the CNS to limbs and organs

Front 141

PNS is not protected by bones or by blood brain barrier, what is it exposed too?

Back 141

toxins and mechanical injuries.

Front 142

what are the two parts to the PNS

Back 142

somatic and autonomic nervous system

Front 143

which PNS system is associated with voluntary control of body movements through the actions of skeletal muscles and with reception of external stimuli, which helps keeps yhe body in touch with its surroundings. You consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles.

Back 143

somatic nervous system

Front 144

which PNS system acts as a control system, maintains homeostasis in the body. These actives are generally performed without conscious control or sensation. Affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter or pupils, urination and sexual arousal.

Back 144

autonomic nervous system

Front 145

what are the three systems that make up the Autonomic system

Back 145

parasympathetic

sympathetic

enteric

Front 146

rest and restore- Control your body at rest

Back 146

parasympathetic

Front 147

fight or flight- controls your body during stress

Back 147

sympathetic

Front 148

controls the gastrointestinal system

Back 148

enteric

Front 149

what is the purpose of the Endocrine system

Back 149

a group of ductless glands which release hormones into the circulatory system. work in combinations with the nervous system in the internal control of the body.

Front 150

True of False.

hormones produce gradual change, instead of immediate change.

Back 150

true

Front 151

True or False.

animals must have proper levels of all nutrients especially minerals, for proper functioning .

Back 151

true

Front 152

what is the master endocrine gland?

Back 152

pituitary gland

Front 153

controlled by the hypothalamus, which provides the link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

Back 153

pituitary gland

Front 154

stores hypothalamus hormones and secretes growth hormones.

Back 154

pituitary gland

Front 155

which hormone does the pituitary create

Back 155

amino acid hormone

Front 156

creates amino acid hormones

Back 156

thyroid gland

Front 157

produces and secretes hormone, thyroxine, which stimulates growth and metabolism and secretes calcitonin

Back 157

thyroid gland

Front 158

secretes amino acid hormone and parathyroid hormone

Back 158

parathyroid gland

Front 159

adrenal medulla, creates amino acid hormones and secretes epinephrine(adrenaline) and nonepinephrine. fight or flight

Back 159

adrenal gland

Front 160

creates steroid hormones and secretes glucocortcoid and aldosterone.

Back 160

adrenal cortex

Front 161

Ovary- secretes steroid hormones- female sex hormones.

Testis- secretes steroid hormones- male sex hormones.

Back 161

reproductive gland

Front 162

what are the two female sex hormone

Back 162

estrogen and proestrogen

Front 163

what is the male sex hormone

Back 163

testosterone.

Front 164

chemical substance that travel through bloodstream and affect organs.

Back 164

hormone

Front 165

what regulates many of the activities in the body by acting as messengers and relaying information.

Back 165

hormones

Front 166

what are the principle endocrine glands (4)

Back 166

pituitary

thyroid

adrenal

reproductive

Front 167

what do hormones regulate (4)

Back 167

growth, reproduction, milk production, breathing rate, etc.

Front 168

allows to interpret light and start ND stop of breeding, for seasonal breeders.

Back 168

pineal gland.

Front 169

purpose of the reproduction system

Back 169

producing offspring.

Front 170

True or False.

reproduction is the process by which animals produce offspring. Parents are selected and mated to achieve certain goals with offspring. For example produce offspring with high milk productivity

Back 170

true

Front 171

what is the end result of reproduction?

Back 171

a new animal that is raised for the products they produce.

Front 172

sex cell of male animals, produced in the testes.

Back 172

sperm.

Front 173

sex cell of female animal, produces in the ovaries

Back 173

egg or ovum.

Front 174

union or sperm and egg occurs also known own as conception

Back 174

fertilization

Front 175

when a male and female mate, sperm is deposited in the female' reproductive tract by copulation, or the mating process

Back 175

natural insemination

Front 176

taking semen collected from a male and placing it into the female reproductive tract with special equipment.

Back 176

artificial insemination

Front 177

period when female is pregnant.

Back 177

gestation

Front 178

process of giving birth. hormones are produced to support process and prepare for lactation.

Back 178

parturition

Front 179

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands of females, initiated by hormone activity. Lasts for several months following parurition.

Back 179

lactation.

Front 180

the stage of a young animal before it is capable of reproduction. sufficient development has not been reached for animals to reproduce.

Back 180

pre puberty

Front 181

animals reaches a level of sexual development capable or reproduction

Back 181

puberty

Front 182

what are the primary structures of the male reproductive tract? (7)

Back 182

scrotum

testicle

epididymis

vas deferens

urethra

accessory sex glands

penis

Front 183

sac that contains and protects the testicles.

controls temperature

Back 183

scrotum

Front 184

true or false.

temperature necessary for sperm production is 4-7 degrees cooler than body temperature.

Back 184

true

Front 185

true or false

heat can cause infertility

Back 185

True

Front 186

produces spermatozoa (male gemete) and testosterone.

Back 186

testicles or testes

Front 187

process of maturation of sperm cells

Back 187

spermatogensis

Front 188

makes appearance and behavioral of a male masculine

Back 188

testosterone.

Front 189

this is where the sperm are stored from the testicles to mature.

Back 189

epididymis

Front 190

how long does it take for sperm cells to pass through the epididymis

Back 190

10-15 days

Front 191

3 portions to the epididymis

Back 191

head- Caput

body- Corpora

tail- cauda

Front 192

passage way for sperm cells, testis to uretha

Back 192

vas deferens

Front 193

a large muscular canal extending from the urinary bladder. this is the pathway through, which urine and semen are excreted. carries semen to end of penis.

Back 193

urethra

Front 194

what are the three male accessory sex glands.

Back 194

seminal vesicles

prostate

cowpers

Front 195

what do the male accessory sex glands do?

Back 195

adds fluid to the sperm

health and nutrition for sperm

95%-98% volume.

Front 196

the organ of copulation

Back 196

penis

Front 197

exterior portion of reproductive tract, which leads to the vagina. provides visual heat. and signs of parturition.

Back 197

vulva

Front 198

thin walled, tough tissue between vulva and cervix. serves as the female organ or copulation and the birth canal at birth.

Back 198

vagina

Front 199

mouth of the womb. opening into uterus. at birth it stretches to allow baby to pass. when pregnant it becomes blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection

Back 199

cervix

Front 200

the place where the embryo attaches and developers. has two layers.

Back 200

uterus

Front 201

thin lining of uterus, which grows and thickens with each estrus cycle. when embryo attches.

Back 201

endometrium

Front 202

muscular layer of uterus

Back 202

myometrium

Front 203

uterine horns become a small tube. where sperm and egg meet and fertilize

Back 203

oviduct

Front 204

located at the end of oviduct. produce ova and the female sex hormones.

Back 204

ovaries.

Front 205

pairs are formed and have many different combinations

Back 205

chromosomes.

Front 206

the application of genetic principles in the selection of animals that will be the parents of the next generation.

Back 206

animal breeding.

Front 207

true or false. chromosomes are in pairs. one chromosome is contributes by each parent.

Back 207

true.

Front 208

site where a gene is found on a chromosome

Back 208

chromosome locus.

Front 209

True or false.

for each inherited trait an individual has, there are two copies of that gene (1 from each parent ).

get else are what cause traits to appear. Each gene is called an allele

Back 209

true

Front 210

both alleles are the same

Back 210

homozygous

Front 211

two alleles are different

Back 211

heterozygous

Front 212

amount, order, and ype of genes am individual has. genetic makeup of an individual.

Back 212

genotype.

Front 213

physical traits an individual possesses. doesn't take it to account masked traits only expressed or dominque ant traits.

Back 213

phenotype

Front 214

the likelihood of a trait being passes on from the parent to the offspring. during selection, try to select for desired traits, which are hopefully highly heritable.

Back 214

heritability

Front 215

what is the range of production costs in relation to nutrition

Back 215

45-75%

Front 216

what are the essential nutrients needed in a ration?

Back 216

water, carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamims, minerals.

Front 217

keeps animals hydrated

Back 217

water

Front 218

main energy source for animals

Back 218

carbohydrates

Front 219

carbs: monosaccharides

Back 219

ex.glucose, simple sugars

Front 220

carbs: disaccharides

Back 220

2 molecules of sugar ex. fructose.

Front 221

carbs: polysaccharides

Back 221

complex sugars ex. starch, cellose.

Front 222

provides energy to animals. 2.5 more energy than carbohydrates. referred to as lipids. and used as a dressing

Back 222

fat

Front 223

provides essential amino acids.

Back 223

protein

Front 224

activators and Co-factors factors of enzymes

Back 224

vitamins

Front 225

B complex vitamins and vitamin C. readily excreted from the body.

Back 225

water soluble vitamins.

Front 226

vitamins A,D,E,and K. stored in fatty tissue in the body.

Back 226

fat soluble vitamins

Front 227

required in large quantity by the body. help make up body tissue.

Back 227

Macro minerals.

Front 228

required in small amounts. activators and Co-factors of enzymes

Back 228

micro minerals.

Front 229

what do we analyze feed for?

Back 229

nutrient composition, digestibility, productive value, palatability, and the physical or handling characteristics of feeds.

Front 230

what are the three tests we use to analyze feed?

Back 230

chemical, biological, micro biological

Front 231

the amount of feed offered to an animal during a 24 hour period

Back 231

ration

Front 232

what are examples of forage feeds?

Back 232

hay beet pulp and cotton seed hulls.

grazing

Front 233

what are examples of energy feeds.

Back 233

corn, grain, sorghum, and wheat shorts.

Front 234

what are the three major sources of protein supplements?

Back 234

plant origin, animal origin, or non protein nitrogen.

Front 235

any state other than a state of complete health. the normal function of the body, or some of its parts, is changed or disturbed.

Back 235

disease

Front 236

have sudden onset of clinical signs and. short duration or illness

Back 236

acute diseases

Front 237

have symptoms that develop slowly over a period of weeks or even months.

Back 237

chronic diseases.

Front 238

Injuries due to improper handling and holding facilities. Inherited Genetics, Birth defects, Improper nutrition, poisons/chemicals. other things not caused by an organism living within the animal

Back 238

Non-Infectious Diseases

Front 239

what are the three types of infectious diseases?

Back 239

Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa.

Front 240

what do you call external parasites?

Back 240

infestation

Front 241

what do call internal parasites?

Back 241

infections

Front 242

caused by other living microorganisms that invade the animals body usually contagious diseases, which the animal can pass to another animal.

Back 242

infectious diseases

Front 243

have characteristics of both living and nonliving material. are borderline between living and non living. made up of some of the material found in cells but are not cells because they do not have a nucleus or other cell parts. Do not grow and cannot reproduce outside a living cell. Once inside a living cell, viruses reproduces using energy and materials in the invaded cell. Harms cell by causing them to burst during reproduction and by using material that the cell needs to function properly. More difficult to treat than bacterial diseases. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections.

Back 243

Viruses

Front 244

foot and mouth disease

Back 244

virus

Front 245

Influenza

Back 245

virus

Front 246

Hog cholera

Back 246

virus

Front 247

pseudorabies

Back 247

virus

Front 248

what are the three common Bacterias?

Back 248

cocci, Bracilli, spirilla

Front 249

which cause disease in livestock?

Back 249

Bracilli

Front 250

inflammation, mastitis, meningitis, and distemper, staphylococci

Back 250

Cocci

Front 251

anthrax, blackleg, tuberculosis,

Back 251

Bracilli

Front 252

microorganisms that cause disease, often parasitic.

Back 252

protozoa

Front 253

causes problems in the reproductive tracts of animals

Back 253

Spirilla

Front 254

Leptosirosis, Vibriosis, Brucellosis

Back 254

Spirilla

Front 255

Trichomoniasis, Coccidiosis

Back 255

protozoa

Front 256

causes inflammation of the reproductive tract creating: vaginitis, Cervicitis, and Urethritis

Back 256

Trichomoniasis

Front 257

causes inflammation of the intestinal tract in animals.

Back 257

Coccidiosis

Front 258

what are two ways disease is spread?

Back 258

animal to animal

animals to human

Front 259

what are the 6 routes of transmission of disease?

Back 259

aerosol, direct contact, fomite, oral, vector-borne, zoonotic

Front 260

disease agents contained in droplets, passed through air, close proximity required.

Back 260

aerosol transmission

Front 261

contaminated inanimate object, carries agents to other animals, brushes and needles, traffic vehicle, trailer, humans

Back 261

fomite transmission

Front 262

consumption of contaminated feed and water, feces, urine, saliva, licking/chewing contaminated environment

Back 262

oral transmission

Front 263

disease agent in animals or environment, open wounds, mucous membranes, skin, blood, saliva, nose to nose, rubbing, biting, reproductive transmission, breeding

Back 263

direct contact transmission

Front 264

insect, acquires pathogen from on animal, transmits to another, biological vectors, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, mechanical vectors, flies, cockroaches

Back 264

vector-borne transmission.

Front 265

what are 5 visual signs to detect disease?

Back 265

body posture

stopped eating or drinking

isolation

unusual sounds

signs of trauma

Front 266

what are 6 non visual signs to detecting disease?

Back 266

temperature

pulse

respiration

blood types and counts

mucous membranes

tissue cultures

Front 267

what is the best treatment for disease?

Back 267

prevention

Front 268

what are at least 5 ways for treatment of diseases?

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farm perimeter

animal identification

animal health

sick/dead animals

isolation/ quarantine

supply handling

neonatal managment.

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what are at least 5 ways to prevent transmission of disease?

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limit contact with animals

maintain fences

roaming cats and dogs

wildlife and birds

clean equipment, boots and clothing

isolate sick animals

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resistance to developing a disease

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immunity

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obtained naturally when a animal is exposed to antigens

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active immunity

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transferred from mother to bay or by injecting antibodies from an animal that is already immune.

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passive immunity.

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a substance consisting of weakened, dead or incomplete portions of pathogens or antigens the, when injected into the body, cause an immune response.

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vaccine

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vaccines that are alive but have lost their disease-causing ability

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modified live vaccine

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vaccines that don't contain live pathogens , but still achieve an immune response.

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killed vaccine