Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pet
|
an animal that is domesticated or tamed and kept as a favorite or treated with indulgence
|
|
|
Reasons for Pet ownerships
|
Current: humans have a social need and an affiliative requirement for companionship
Anthro: pets taught young children to be good hunters symbiotic: cardiovascular benefits |
|
|
archaeozoologist definition for domestic animals
|
one that has been bred in captivity for purposes of economic beneift to a human community that maintains complete mastery over breeding, territory, and food. Under biological and cultural control
|
|
|
Tame
|
a decrease in the animals tendency to flee in the presence of humans
|
|
|
Evidence to support domestication
|
1. proportion of age groupings
2. proportion of sex 3. morphological features 4. artistic representations 5. articles of husbandry |
|
|
Traits that Favor Domestication
|
1. living in groups, both male and female
2. sexual promiscuity, male dominance, sexual ritual 3. parent young interaction 4. short flight distance 5. flexible dietary requirements 6. not too agile |
|
|
Evidence that the dog derived from the wolf
|
1. same number of chromosomes
2. most similar mitochondrial DNA 3. similar social structure 4. most range of adaptability and variation 5. similar behavior |
|
|
stages of wolf development
|
1. reactive
2. play 3. heading behavior 4. heeling 5. adult |
|
|
socialization
|
exposing animals when they are forming social attachments to different species, people, and situations
|
|
|
Communication
|
1. visual:evolutionarily favored
2. olfactory: pheromones, longer lasting 3. touch 4. vocal |
|
|
Form and Function
|
1. spine flexible due to connections between vertebrae, helps to propel the body to run faster
2. vestigial clavicle, increases stride length 3. reinforced limbs for pouncing |
|
|
righting reflex
|
1 head
2 torso 3 head -needs eyes and ears |
|
|
plantigrade
|
walking on souls of feet, stable, least stride length
|
|
|
digitigrade
|
walking on balls of feet, medium stable and stride length
|
|
|
unguligrade
|
walking on tips of digits, least stable, greatest stride
|
|
|
dolichocephalic
|
longest snout
|
|
|
mestacephalic
|
medium snout
|
|
|
brachycephalic
|
shortest snout
|
|
|
binocular vision
|
responsible for depth perception
|
|
|
cones
|
photoreceptors that function in bright light and can detect color
|
|
|
rods
|
photoreceptors that function in dim light
|
|
|
tapetum lucidum
|
maximizes light detection
|
|
|
scent in dogs
|
1. mobile nostril
2. big olfactory bulb 3. most nose 4. doesnt habituate to scent 5. vomeronasal organ to detect pheromones |
|
|
crepuscular
|
active at dawn and dusk
|
|
|
diurnal
|
active in daylight
|
|
|
hamsters
|
-originated in syria
-bad eyesight -large ears, good hearing -solitary -nocturnal |
|
|
guinea pigs
|
-originated in south america
-social -good runners -sensitive to high temperatures -good eyesight |
|
|
mice
|
-originated in asia
-nocturnal -needs a lot of water -social |
|
|
aquaculture
|
the farming of aquatic organisms to enhance production and have ownership of them
|
|
|
Problems of aquaculture
|
1. biotic invasion
2. habitat damage 3. loss in biodiversity 4. over harvesting |
|
|
rods
|
photoreceptors that function in dim light
|
|
|
tapetum lucidum
|
maximizes light detection
|
|
|
scent in dogs
|
1. mobile nostril
2. big olfactory bulb 3. most nose 4. doesnt habituate to scent 5. vomeronasal organ to detect pheromones |
|
|
crepuscular
|
active at dawn and dusk
|
|
|
diurnal
|
active in daylight
|
|
|
hamsters
|
-originated in syria
-bad eyesight -large ears, good hearing -solitary -nocturnal |
|
|
guinea pigs
|
-originated in south america
-social -good runners -sensitive to high temperatures -good eyesight |
|
|
mice
|
-originated in asia
-nocturnal -needs a lot of water -social |
|
|
aquaculture
|
the farming of aquatic organisms to enhance production and have ownership of them
|
|
|
Problems of aquaculture
|
1. biotic invasion
2. habitat damage 3. loss in biodiversity 4. over harvesting |
|
|
advantages of tank raised fish
|
-accustomed to people
-offspring easier to raise -young fish -acclamated to aquarium life -less shipping -fewer internal parasites |
|
|
communication
|
the transmission of information
|
|
|
consequences in operant conditioning
|
punishment and reinforcement
|
|
|
Behavior Potential
|
is governed by genetics
|
|
|
counterconditioning
|
Replacing a behavior that you dislike by training a behavior that is incompatible with the original behavior
|
|
|
poikilotherm
|
an organism whose internal body temperature varies with that of the environment
|
|
|
homeotherm
|
an organism that maintains a constant body temperature
|
|
|
3 terms about reptiles body temperature
|
1. homeothermic
2. ectothermic 3. warm bloode |
|
|
stride length
|
the distance covered between footfalls
|
|
|
Chinchilla
|
-social, lives in groups
-nocturnal -good sense of hearing -subject to heat stroke |
|
|
gerbils
|
-illegal in CA
-monogamous -lives in groups, social -evolved in the desert, low urine -able to tolerate extreme temperatures |
|
|
Rabbits
|
-subject to malocclusion
-subject to heat stroke -plantigrade feet -lightweight skeleton |
|
|
Ferrets
|
-carnivore
-illegal in CA -descendants of polecat and weasels |
|
|
Ways of decreasing weight in birds
|
1. thinned skin
2. decreased fat insulation 3. fewer bones 4. hallow bones, reinforced with struts 5. pneumatic bones with airsacs 6. lack bladder 7. lays eggs and gonads regress 8. no teeth and thickening of jaw |
|
|
Bird vision
|
-5 different types of photoreceptors
-better color vision -higher proportion of rods and cones |
|
|
enhanced respiratory and circulatory systems in girls
|
1. rigid lungs with compressible airsacs (o2 flow inhilation and exhilation)
2. increased lung surface area 3. tissue between lungs and bloodstream is thin |
|
|
zoonoses
|
a disease transmitted from animals to humans that pose a threat to human health. Mostly affects the young, old, and immunocompromised.
|
|
|
Transmission of zoonotics
|
1. inhalation
2. transplantation 3. touch 4. bite/scratch 5. vector |
|
|
categories of zoonotics
|
1. viral
2. bacterial 3. rickettsial 4. fungal |
|
|
Rabies stages
|
1. prodromal
2. excitatory 3. paralytic |
|
|
minerals
|
assists in vital body functions and aids in support
|
|
|
fats
|
stores energy, provides a basis for cellular membranes, and is involved in metabolic processes
|
|
|
Saturated fats
|
solid in texture, fewer double bonds
|
|
|
unsaturated fats
|
fluid, double bonds
|
|
|
antioxidants
|
increased cognitive ability and decrease the risk of cancer
|
|
|
protein
|
used for growth, tissue maintenance, and energy
|
|
|
Design the perfect prey animal
|
-unguligrade or digitigrade feet for increased stride length and speed
-funnel shaped upright ears -nocturnal vision with tapetum lucidum -broad visual field |
|
|
Design the perfect predator animal
|
digitigrade feet for increased stride length and speed
-funnel shaped upright ears -mouth fit for ripping -nocturnal vision with tapetum lucidum -broad visual field and binocular vision -depth perception -flexible spine for propulsion -flying gallop gait -good sense of smell |
|
|
Why do commercially purchased diets include antioxidants as an ingredient?
|
-Rancidification/oxidation destroys the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids and in doing so decomposes the fat destroying it and then it is no longer the essential fatty acid needed in the diet
-To prevent the rancidification, antioxidants are added to the diet to stop the free radical attack (provide a decoy target for the oxidation/free radicals) on the essential fatty acid double bonds |
|
|
gout
|
caused by deposits of uric acid in places like joints or tissue
|
|
|
requirements for reproduction
|
-birds adapted to captivity
-not too young or old -compatible pair -appropriate diet -no diseases -suitable environment |
|
|
gestation
|
amount of times from fertilization to birth
|
|
|
parthenogenesis
|
a variation of sexual reproduction, where a gamete is produced but it does not require fertilization to form a zygote
|
|
|
estrus
|
period of maximal receptivity
|
