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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What strengths do white hog breeds have? |
Large litters Good Milk Production High growth rate in progeny |
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What strengths do dark hog breeds have? |
Meet Heavy Muscled Lean Carcass Characteristics Feed Efficiency |
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What color are the preferred maternal hog breeds? |
White |
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What color are the preferred sire hog breeds? |
Dark |
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Give some examples of white hog breeds |
Yorkshire Landrace Chester White |
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Give some examples of dark hog breeds |
Durrock Hampshires Berkshire Poland China Tamworth Hereford |
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What can be inferred if a pig breed's name ends in "shire"? |
It is from England It has erect ears |
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What hog breeds were developed by the usda? |
Poland China Piatrin |
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What three hog breeds were created in the US? |
Chester White Poland China Spotted Swine |
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What USDA developed hog breed stemmed from the Poland China? |
Spotted Swine |
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What litter size must be produced in order for a hog farmer to "break even" on a gilt? (according to Dr. Eversole) |
8 pigglets per litter |
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What is the largest hog breed registry in the United States? |
Yorkshire |
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What pig breeds have erect ears? |
-Yorkshire -Hampshire -Berkshire -Tamworth |
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What is the ideal underline for a breeding gilt? |
At least six on each side (they need to be evenly spaced) |
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Can prolificacy be influenced by the ancestors of a sow? |
Yes |
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What is PSE? |
Pale Soft Excudative |
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What is PSS? |
Porcine Stress Syndrom |
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What is a fast growing pigs particularly susceptible to? |
PSS (Porcine Stress Syndrom) |
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What trait from a boar does a gilt tend to inherit? |
Underline |
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What can be a potential problem in breeds with droopy ears? |
Ears can hang over eyes and obstruct vision |
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What is the second largest hog breed registry in the US? |
Duroc |
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What is the motto for the duroc breed? |
'They tend to grow on you' |
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Define "feed efficiency" |
(lbs of feed) to (lbs gained from feed) (3:1 for duroc) |
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What particular hog breed struggles with obstructed vision? |
Landrace |
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Because daughter gilts inherit their father boar's underline, what should you look for in the underline of boars? |
3 nipples (on each side) in front of sheath |
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What breed has an extra vertebrae (14th rib)? |
Landrace (14th rib) |
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Why would a 14th rib be valuable in a hog breed? |
Extra pork chop |
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What is the oldest hog breed in the US? |
Poland China |
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What is the gestation period of a pig? |
3 months 3 weeks 3 days (114 days) |
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What is the avg. length of estrus? |
5 days with a 2 day avg. |
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What is the length of the estrous cycle? |
18-24 days (21 day avg.) |
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What is the age of a guilt at puberty? |
5-8 month |
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What is the age of a gilt at puberty? |
150-250 lbs |
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How long after her piglets wean does it take a sow to go back in to estrus? |
3-8 days (5 day avg.) |
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What is the time of ovulation for a sow? |
40 hours from onset of estrus |
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What tool uses ultrasound to determine last rib backfat on a hog? |
"lean-meater" |
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What is the tail on a hog called? |
Switch |
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What are two major problems that a pig can have with her vulva? |
Upturn Vulva Infantile Vulva |
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What two pig breeds are known for feed efficiency? |
Duroc Hampshire |
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Why not breed a pig at its first cycle? |
Stunts Growth Small Litter Size Dystocia |
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What is Dystocia |
birthing problems |
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When should gilts be bread, ideally? |
7.5 to 9 months (3rd cycle) |
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Ideally how old should a sow be at her first farrow? |
1 year old |
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How can you tell a pig is in estrus? |
Red and swollen vulva discharge (using mucus) vocal and active ears perk up mount other females |
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How can we test wheather or not a pig is in estrus? (human procedure) |
Push down on but (pig will back up into you and lock its hind legs if in estrus) |
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What does MMA stand for? |
-Mastitis (udder infection) -Martritis (reproduction tract infection) -Aglactica (lack of milk) |
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What is a does cull mean? |
Unacceptable (no good) |
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What is sow cull criteria? |
-age -milk production -feet -sick -prolificacy (nba) -nervous (scrapie) -confirmation |
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What are 3 reproduction problems in pigs? (Explain each) |
-Over Use of Boar (not enough ejaculate) -Breading gilt too early (not mature enough) -Heat Stress (sow is using too much energy to keep cool) |
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When confirming pigs what should you look for in the foot and leg area? |
-Toes to dewclaw should be 45º -Even Toes -Slightly angled cannons -Legs slightly bent |
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What are some strengths of the Rambouillet breed? |
-hardy -longevity -easy keepers -long breeding season -easy lambers -heavy fleece -heavy muscled |
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What are some weaknesses of the Rambouillet breed? |
-problems with belly wool -pelty (wrinkled skin) -wool blindness -long toe -susceptible to foot rot -poor milking ability (lambs fight for milk) |
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What are the strengths of the suffolk breed? |
-rapid growth -heavy muscled -no wool blindness |
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What are the weaknesses of the suffolk breed? |
-short fleece -black fibers -temperment -high maintenance cost -susepible to decease |
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What breeds are included in the category "hair sheep"? |
Barbados Blackbelly Dorper St. Croix |
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What are the strengths/weaknesses of hair breed sheep? |
Streangths -no sheer -adapted to warm climates -meat -parasite resistance Weaknesses -weak bones |
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What is the difference between fine wool and braid type? |
Fine Wool - Tightly packed together, used for sweaters, cost more Braid Type - Coorser (thicker, thougher), used for rugs, costs less |
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What two sheep breeds were developed by the USDA? (In chronological order) |
1) Targee 2) Polypay |
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What does Gregarious mean? |
Pack instinct. (a gregarious animal wants to stay with the herd at all costs) |
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What does pelty mean? |
Wrinkly skin |
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What is wool blindness? |
When wool grows over eyes of sheep resulting in blindness of the animal |
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Define lamb crop? |
# of lambs born alive ------------------------------- X (100%) # of ewes bread |
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What does barren mean? |
Unable to bread. |
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What is a breeding harness? |
Harness put on rams so that when he mounts a ewe it leaves a colored mark to keep track of sire ram |
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What are ethnic/easter lambs? |
Lambs born early in season (reach slaughter weight by christmas and easter) |
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What is prolificacy? |
number born alive (how well the ewe lambs) |
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What is a "flight zone"? |
The area around an animal in which it feels threatened. |
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What advantages are there to using Dorsets for cross breading? |
-easter lamb -long breeding season -prolific -heavy milkers -heavy muscled |
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Are most white faced breeds known for wool or meat production? |
Mostly wool but they have been known for both |
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What is the major strength of Finn sheep when crossbreeding? |
seasonally polyestrus early puberty prolificacy vigorous lambs |
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What are some traits/characteristics to consider when choosing females for reproduction? |
-fertility (in and out of season) -prolificacy -ewe lamb ferility (age at puberty) -accelerated lambing |
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What are some traits/characteristics to consider when choosing sire breeds? |
-large mature size -late maturing -fast growth rate -lean -acceptable fertility and hardiness |
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What are some inherited birth defects in sheep? |
-pelty -face covering -fleece defects (black fibers, UNwavy, a lot of belly wool) |
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What is the problem when a sheep has either a monkey or parrot mouth? |
Monkey -underbite Parrot -overbite (problems grazing and chewing) |
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What are the three categories of feeds? |
-Forages -Concentrates -Supplements |
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Name some forage feeds? |
-hay -grass -silage -fiber |
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Name some concentrate feeds? |
-corn -barley -distillers |
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What must a feed contain to be considered a concentrate feed? |
-salt -trace minerals |
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What is the equation for photosynthesis? |
6 CO2 + 6 H2O = 6 O + C6H12O6 |
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What are the differences between a Herbivore, an Omnivore, and a Carnivore? |
Herbivore - Eats plants Carnivore - Eats meat Omnivore - Eats both |
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What animals have ruminant stomachs? |
Cattle Sheep Goats Deer |
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What animals have monogastric stomachs? |
Humans Horses Pigs |
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What animals have avian stomachs? |
Birds |
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What are the parts of a ruminant digestive tract? |
Rumen Reticulum > Stomach Omasum Abomasum Small Intestine Cecum Colon |
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What are the four parts of a ruminant stomach in order? |
Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum |
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Why are horses hind gut fermenter? |
Functional Cecum |
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What are the parts of a monogastric digestive tract? |
Stomach Small Intestine Cecum (non functional) Colon |
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What are the parts of an avion digestive tract? |
Crop Gizzard Small Intestine Large Intestine |
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What are the 6 Nutrient Classes? |
1) Water 2) Carbohydrates 3) Fats 4) Proteins 5) Minerals 6) Vitamins |
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What are the functions of water as a nutrient? |
Regulates body temp. Lubricates Joints |
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What are the functions of Carbohydrates? |
Energy and Heat Source Building block for other nutrients |
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What are the functions of Fats? |
Increase Palatability Will reduce fiber digestion in rumen |
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What are the functions of Protein? |
Structural Proteins Enzymes |
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What are the functions of Minerals? |
Skeletal Formation Protein Synthesis |
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What are the functions of Vitamins? |
Regulate body metabolism Regulate essential body processes |
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What are the 4 types of energy and their general definition? |
Gross Energy - Fecal Digestible Energy - Gas and Urine Metabolizable Energy - Creates heat Net Energy - all of them combine = milk and growth |
