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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Orientation |
A behavioural response involving movement, that an animal makes to an abiotic factor (stimulus) |
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Four types of orientation response: |
1. Taxes 2. Kinesis 3. Homing 4. Migration |
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Taxes |
The movement of an animal towards or away from a stimulus coming from one direction.
Towards = Positive Away = Negative
This is called the taxic response. |
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Why do taxic responses allow for? |
An animal to move from unfavourable conditions to favourable ones - increasing their chance of survival. |
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Kineses |
A non-directional response to a change in the intensity of a stimulus.
Cannot be positive or negative as it does not involve an animal moving towards or away from the stimulus. |
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Orthokinesis |
A change in the speed of an animals movement in relation to a change in the intensity of a stimulus.
The more unfavourable the stimulus, the faster the animal's movement. |
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Klinokinesis |
A change in the amount of random turning in relation to a change in the intensity of a stimulus. |
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Navigation |
The process in which an animal finds its way from one location to another using environmental cues e.g. landmarks, solar navigation, chemical navigation (smell) and magnetic fields.
Is innate (genetic). Experience can however improve navigation. |
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Homing |
Ability of an animal to return to its homesite after it has been away to look for food or mates.
Usually occurs on a daily basis. |
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Migration |
The regular, annual or seasonal mass movements made by animals from their breeding area to another area where they do not breed.
Occurs in a north-south direction so animals can take advantage of optimum food supplies and temperatures. |
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Advantages of Migration |
-Remain in favourable temperatures all year round -Constant food supply -Colonisation of new areas -Reduced predation, disease and parasitism -Greater genetic mixing -Better breeding conditions
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Disadvantages of Migration |
-May get lost -New predators -Takes a lot of energy, may use too much and even die -Possibility of starvation on the way.
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Triggers to Migration: |
Changes in environmental cues: Decreasing day lengths
Genetic Drive: Migratory behaviour is usually innate or controlled by a biological clock that responds to a decrease in day length.
Maturation of the sex organs: The urge to reproduce by a biological clock may cause migration back towards a breeding ground. |
