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221 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Originates from the peritoneum
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Broad Ligament
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Suspends the tract and houses the vascular supply, lymphatic drainage and nerves.
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Broad Ligament
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i.mesovarium: attaches to and supports the ovary
ii.mesosalpinx: supports the oviduct iii.mesometrium: supports the uterine horns |
components of the broad ligament
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i.oviduct
ii.uterus iii.cervix iv.vagina |
Tubular components of the female reproductive tract
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Layers of the tubular components of the female reproductive tract
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i.serosa: the outer layer
ii.muscularis: consists of a double layer of smooth muscle iii.submucosa: located beneath the muscularis; houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue. iv.mucosa: lines the lumen; has a secretory function. |
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the outer layer
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serosa
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consists of a double layer of smooth muscle
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muscularis
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located beneath the muscularis; houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue
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submucosa
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lines the lumen; has a secretory function
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mucosa
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the female gonad
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Ovaries
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funcion of the ovary
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to produce gametes and a variety of hormones
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most mature (blister on ovary)
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Graafian Follicle
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ovulation of egg
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Graafian Follicle
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secretes estrogen resulting in estrus
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Graafian Follicle
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dying due to lack of LH
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Atretic Follicle
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reabsorbed into ovary
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Atretic Follicle
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bloody spot
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Corpus Hemorrhagicum
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immature CL from recent ovulation
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Corpus Hemorrhagicum
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secretes progesterone and oxytocin (ruminant)
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Corpus Luteum (CL)
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progesterone required for maintaining pregnancy
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Corpus Luteum (CL)
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oxytocin releases prostaglandin PGF2a from the uterus, which regresses the CL
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Corpus Luteum (CL)
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Regressing CL absorbed into ovary
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Corpus Albicans
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Result of a lack of pregnancy and secretion of PGF2a from uterus
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Corpus Albicans
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fastest growing tissue in mammals
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CL
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Hormones that are secreted by the ovary:
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estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, activin.
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what is special about the mare
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single ovulation results in single follicle
i. ovulation fossa is the only point of ovulation ii.cortex layer inside (normally outside) and the medulla layer is outside (normally inside), therefore you cannot superovulate mares (only one possible ovulation point). |
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what is special about the sow
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multiple ovulation points results in multiple CL
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function of the oviduct
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to provide the optimal environment fertilization and pre- attachment development of the embryo
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funnel that picks up and transports eggs after ovulation
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Infundibulum
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ciliated and undulating edge of funnel, surface area equates to skin surface area of body
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Fimbria
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peristaltic contractions moves egg in 6 min down to site of fertilization
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Ampulla
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transports and serves as a reservoir for sperm, transports the embryo emptying into uterus; also serves as a barrier
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Isthmus
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ill defined (more specific site of fertilization)
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Ampullary-isthmic junction
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where the oviduct meets the uterus (the book calls this the uterotubal junction)
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Tubo-Uterine Junction
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may produce substances that facilitate the fertilizing capability of sperm
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Oviductal Epithelium
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The primary function of the smooth muscle layer of the oviduct
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move the ova and sperm towards each other (Note: this is in opposite directions). How this occurs is not clearly understood.
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“The Organ of Pregnancy
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Uterus
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function of the uterus
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to provide environment for sperm transport, early embryogenesis and a site for attachment of the conceptus
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long uterine horns and small body
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bicornuate uterus
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2 long horns
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sow uterus type
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large body
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mare uterus type
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small body
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cow uterus type
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2 cervices (separates each uterine horn into two distinct compartments
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Duplex
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opossum penis
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forked penis to service both canals
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opossum vagina
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two canals
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How many vaginal canals does the rabbit have?
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1 vaginal canal
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no (or very small) uterine horns
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Simplex
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Who has the simplex uterus?
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Primate
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Composition of the uterus
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1.Serosa = perimetrium
2.Muscularis = myometrium – muscle that contracts 3.Mucosa and submucosa = endometrium – secretes nutrients for embryo and PGF2a 4.Caruncles (only ruminants) – site of placental attachment i.fetal side = cotyledons |
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perimetrium
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Serosa
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myometrium – muscle that contracts
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Muscularis
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endometrium – secretes nutrients for embryo and PGF2a
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Mucosa and submucosa
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site of placental attachment
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Caruncles (only ruminants)
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function of the cervix
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to secrete mucus during estrus and provide a cervical seal during pregnancy
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Opening to uterus for the transport of sperm, secretion of cervical mucus in the cow at estrus (estrogen allows to flow out of vagina).
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Cervix
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Barrier between the uterus and vagina – secretion of cervical mucus that seals the cervix
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Cervix
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Opening from uterus for the passage of young
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Cervix
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os cervix protrudes into vagina in what animal
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Cow / Ewe
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important qualities involving the cervix of the mare
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1.os cervix protrudes into fornix of vagina
2.smooth folds 3.site of semen deposition |
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important qualities involving the cervix of the sow
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Vagina slopes into cervix (no protrusion)
2.interdigitating pads 3.site of semen deposition |
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function of the vagina
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copulatory organ that produces lubricating mucus during estrus
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the embryonic origin is Mullerian ducts
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Anterior Vagina
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the embryonic origin is the urogenital sinus
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Posterior Vagina (or vestibule)
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is the pocket around the cervix
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Fornix
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The period from the regression of the CL to ovulation
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Follicular phase of estrous
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Only constitutes about 20% of the entire cycle
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Follicular phase of estrous
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The dominant structures on the ovary during the Follicular phase of estrous
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preovulatory follicles
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what do preovulatory follicles produce
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estradiol
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Contains the proestrus and estrus periods
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Follicular phase of estrous
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The period from ovulation until CL regression
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luteal phase of estrous
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Constitutes about 80% of the entire cycle
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luteal phase of estrous
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The dominant structure on the ovary during the luteal phase of estrous
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CL
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What do the CL produce
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progesterone
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What periods are found in the luteal phase of estrous
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metestrus and diestrus periods
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periods of the estrous cycle
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estrus
metestrus diestrus proestrus |
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Day 0 or 21 (Days 15-21 in mare lasts 7 days) Period of receptivity to mating
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Estrus
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LH / E2 surge occures during
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estrus
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Growth of follicle occures during
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estrus
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When does ovulation occur
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Day 5 of estrus in mare – the next day is considered Day one of the new estrous cycle
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What animal is the exception to typical ovulation
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Cow ovulates on Day 1 (day after estrus) during metestrus
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dominant hormone produced during estrus
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Estradiol
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when does metestrus occur
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Days 1 – 5
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when does the Follicle differentiates into corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)
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Metestrus
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when is there no longer a response to PGF2a
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Metestrus
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when is there Low P4 in blood
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Metestrus
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The period between ovulation and the formation of the functional CL
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luteinization
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A transition from estrogen to progesterone secretion is made
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luteinization
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Days 5 – 16 (Days 1-14 mare)
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Diestrus:
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Mature corpus luteum (CL) responds to PGF2a (regresses CL).
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Diestrus
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High P4 in blood.
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Diestrus
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This is the longest period. The CL is fully functional so the progesterone level is high.
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Diestrus:
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This period ends with CL destruction (called luteolysis).
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Diestrus
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diestrus period ends with CL destruction called...
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luteolysis
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Little to no sexual receptivity.
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Diestrus
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Days 17 – 21 (Day 14 mare)
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Proestrus
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Follicle growth with increasing E2 secretion
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Proestrus
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This period starts when progesterone declines (CL regression).
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Proestrus
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A transition from progesterone dominance to estrogen dominance is made
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Proestrus
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What homones stimulate the transition from progesterone dominance to estrogen dominance that is made during proestrus
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FSH and LH
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length of days for estrus for the cow
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21
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# of hours for estrous in temperate cows
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18
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# of hours for estrous in subtropical cows
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12
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# of hours for estrous in brahman cows
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6
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# of hours for estrous in dairy cows
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7
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length of time of estrous for the ewe
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17
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length of days for estrus of the sow
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21
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length of days of estrus for the mare
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21
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number of hours the ewe is in estrous
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24-36
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number of hours the sow is in estrus
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48-72
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number of hours the mare is in estrus
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7 days
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when does the ewe go into ovulation
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late estrus
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when does the sow go into ovulation
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mid-estrus
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when does the mare go into ovulation
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5 days into estrus ( 1-2 days before the end of estrus)
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how long is estrous?
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Estrous cycle is measured from the start of one period of estrus to the start of the next
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What can interrupt the estrous cycle?
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pregnancy, nursing, and a change in season in some species
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the amount of Brahman breeding in a cow can decrease her responsiveness to what hormone?What does this result in?
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GnRH- shorter heat period
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down-regulates expression of P4R on Day 10 to 12 for the sheep
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P4 for 8 to 10 days
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regulated expression of P4R on Day 10 to 12.....for the sheep permits expression of
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Permits expression of uterine E2 receptor on Day 13, followed by an increase in OTR
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increase in OTR for the sheep releases
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Releases pulsatile secretion of PGF2a
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5 pulses of PGF2alpha in 25 hours for the sheep.....
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regresses CL
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what are the fewest number of pulses of PGF2alpha that are required to regress the CL for the sheep
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at least 3 pulses are required
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first step for the development of the follicle in the fetus
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Germ cells (oogonium) originate in the embryonic gut and migrate to the cortex of the embryonic ovary (urogenital ridge).
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second step for the development of the follicle in the fetus
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Germ cells migrate to egg nests of primordial follicles.
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third step for the development of the follicle in the fetus
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Oocyte undergoes mitosis thereby increasing in number.
1.Mitosis ceases at birth. |
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follicle that is dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle
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developing or functional CL
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# oocytes cow at birth has
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100000
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number of oocytes of the calf
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75000
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number of oocytes an old cow has
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2500
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human at birth has how many oocytes
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1 million oocytes
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post menopausal people have how many oocytes
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1000
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What hormone is not required for developemnt of primary follicles
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gonadotropins
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surrounds egg in the prmary follicle
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single layer of granulosa cell
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what percent of oocytes reach maturity and ovulate
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1%
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# of primordial follicles that start development each day
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1-3
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surrounds preantral oocyte
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2 or more layers of granulosa cells
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secondary follicle
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results in an increase in the size of the follicle including the oocyte
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development of secondary follicle makes follicle responsive to what hormone
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FSH
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Follicle is no longer independent of gonadotropins
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secondary follicle
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Fluid filled blister with an antrum.
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tertiary follicle ( Antral)
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steps of follicle development
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primary follicle to corpus albican
primary follicle secondary follicle tertiary follicle(Antral) graafian follicle corona radiata |
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fluid filled blister with an antrum
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tertiary follicle (antral)
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fluid of the tertiary follicle
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liquor folliculi
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three layers of tertiary follicle
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theca externa, theca interna, granulosa cell layer.
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tertiary follicle dependent on which homrone
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lh/fsh
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largest cell in the body
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tertiary follicle
Oocyte reaches full 100 mm size |
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sends foot attachments into oocyte
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Corona radiata
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produces oocyte inhibitor cAMP. (Keeps as a Tertiary follicle).
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Corona radiata
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waves of follicular growth
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1. At least 3 cohorts of follicles are recruited per cycle.
2. Progesterone inhibits maturation to Graafian follicle. 3. Decrease in progesterone and gonadotropin influence causes full maturation and eventual ovulation. |
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what hormone is required for dominant follicle to grow.
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LH
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What occures when dominant follicle has an insufficient supply of LH
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It will become atretic
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inhibits cAMP production allowing completion of the first meiotic division for the graffian follicle
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Lh surge
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length of time For Primordial follicle to ovulatory
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84 days
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To go from Antrum to pre-ovulatory follicle
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42 days ( 2 cycles)
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Follicle of ~ 10 mm in diameter that goes on to ovulate
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Graafian Follicle
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responsible for the production of androgens under the control of LH
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theca interna
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This layer has LH receptors
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theca interna
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produce testosterone that diffuse into granulosa cells which contain FSH receptors
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Theca cells
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causes the synthesis of enzymes which are responsible for the conversion of testosterone to estradiol.
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Binding of FSH
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down regulates LH receptors and knocks out testosterone and estrogen production
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Pre-ovulatory LH surge
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Oocyte Maturation
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A. Oocyte arrested in Meiosis I.
B. Corona radiata produces cAMP that inhibits expulsion of 1st polar body (1/2 genetic material). C. Oocyte is transcriptionally inactive. |
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Cumulus expansion results from a...
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Preovulatory LH Surge
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Corona radiata withdraws from oocytes when there is a....
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Preovulatory LH Surge
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there is a Loss of gap junctions after there is a.......
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Preovulatory LH Surge
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there is a Decrease in cAMP after a....
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Preovulatory LH Surge
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What does the LH surge activate
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activation of maturation promotion factor (cyclin)
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what is the maturation promoting factor
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Cyclin
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what hormone prepares for ovulation
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LH surge
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promotes the maturation of the egg
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Cyclin
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comes from the corona radiata
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Cyclin
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Oocyte arrested at Meiosis II (mitosis like) Metaphase II until
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sperm penetration
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Fertilization activates intracellular release of______ resulting in formation____________
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calcium;Meiosis II and 2nd polar body
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Where does the egg remain in the horse if it is not fertilized
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the oviduct
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what animal has a problem with sealing the vitellum (polyspermy).
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pig
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Cortical granules continue to release ______ into the __________and block additional_________ also known as ___________.
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calcium;perivitelline space; sperm entry;(polyspermy).
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A female is born with a limited number of oocytes known as
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primary oocytes
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in women, the time when they are depleted on oocytes
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menopause
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True or False, animals get menopause
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false
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four categories of the period of development of primary oocytes
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1. mitotic division
2. nuclear arrest 3.cytoplasmic growth 4. resumption of meiosis |
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occurs in the fetal development from primordial germ cells to oogonia (primordial here does not correlate with primordial follicle).
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Mitotic division
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This provides the female a future follicular/Oocyte reservoir
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Mitotic division
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why is The last mitotic division from the germ cells to the oogonia important
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at the end, meiosis begins, but it arrested in prophase I.
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Primary oocytes remain semi-dormant until called into action by what hormone
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FSH (puberty).
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Growth of the Oocyte is dependant upon.....
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granulose cells of the follicle
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The product of the initialization of prophase I
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primary oocytes (the dictyone phase)
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Gap junction and ability to maintain functional connection with the granulosa cells are necessary in the development of
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the Oocyte
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Once the _______ reaches the antral stage, the oocycte is fully grown and oocytes will be able to soon undergo ______________
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follicle;nuclear maturation upon ovulation
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what surrounds the oocyte and what does this surrounding do??
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cumulus (sticky) cell layer;aids in cilia facilitated transport in the oviduct
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what induces the completion of meiosis I (livestock, this is before ovulation, other species, this is after ovulation).
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LH surge (Preovulatory)
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Completion of meiosis I yields
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the first polar body and it is extruded to the perivitelline space
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Meiosis II is initiated when
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the Oocyte is fertilized (Ampulla-Isthmus junction)
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Meiosis II is initiated before the
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pronuclei fuse (syngamy = fusion of sperm genetic material and Oocyte genetic material).
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Completion of ________ yields the second polar body and it is extruded into the __________ (if first polar body divides within the perivitelline space, you get _____#___ polar bodies).
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meiosis II;perivitelline space;three
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break down before meiosis resumption
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Gap junctions between granulose cells
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summary of the preovulatory LH surge during oogenesis and ovulation
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1.cAMP increases
2.LH surge 3.cAMP decreases 4.cyclin increases 5.nuclear membrane breaks down |
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cellular changes that occur in sperm, in the female reproductive tract, before fertilization
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capacitation
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completed in vitro with high ionic strength buffer via influx of Ca2+ into sperm
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capacitation
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inhibits capacitation
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secondary sex gland secretion in semen
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how many sperm penetrate cervix to reach the uterus
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thousands
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hormone in semen that causes contractions of the female reproductive tract
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PGF2alpha
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how do sperm move through the uterus
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peristaltic actions of the uterus, cervix, and oviduct via oxytocin
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what picks up the ovum with cumulus mass
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ciliated epithelial cells of the fimbria
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form ovarian bursa
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fimbria of the infundibulum
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opening to the ampulla
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ostium
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cilia beat in the direction of____________to move________ to the site of fertilization called the___________
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the uterus and the segmented peristaltic contractions; ovum; ampullary-isthmus junction
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hormone that causes the retention of the egg
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estrogen
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retention of the egg also referred to as
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estrus fertilization
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hormone that hastens the movement of the egg
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progesterone
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when does the corpus luteum form
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post ovulation
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how many days does the egg remain in the oviduct in most animals
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3 days
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how many days does the egg remain in the oviduct for the horse
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5 days
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how many days does the egg remain in the isthmus before entering the uterus for all animals
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1 day
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binds the sperm that starts the acrosomal reaction allowing the sperm to penetrate further into the egg
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receptors in the zona pellucida ( ZP 1, 2, and 3)
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occurs post binding to the zona pellucida protein resulting in fusion of the acromsomal membrane and plasma membrane of sperm releasing hyalurinidase and other proteolytic enzymes in order to penetrate the zona pellucida
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acrosomal reaction
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sperm penetration of the zona pellucida ( gelllike membrane)with the aid of acrosin
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zona reaction
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function of the Zona Block/ Vitelline block
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prevent polyspermy
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fertilization by more than one sperm
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polyspermy
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what migrates to the vitelline membrane and fuses
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cortical granules
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fuses with vitelline membrane causing caalcium flux
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sperm membranes
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the joining of male and female pronuclei
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syngamy
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the complete fertilization and first phase of embryonic growth
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zygote
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when is the second polar body expelled during fertilization
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after sperm penetration of vitelline
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