Animal Physiology Test 3

Front 1

What types of pumps are there in the circulatory system?

Back 1

Chambered hearts, skeletal muscles, pulsating blood vessels, and one-way valves

Front 2

A 2-chambered heart has

Back 2

1 atrium, 1 ventricle

Hint 2

Fish

Front 3

A 3-chambered heart has

Back 3

2 atria, 1 ventricle

Hint 3

Amphibians

Front 4

A 4-chambered heart has

Back 4

2 atria, 2 ventricles

Hint 4

Birds and mammals

Front 5

A 5-chambered heart has

Back 5

2 atria, 3 ventricular divisions

Hint 5

Reptiles

Front 6

Arterial side of the circulation takes blood in what direction corresponding to the heart

Back 6

Away from the heart; except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood

Front 7

Venous side of the circulation takes blood in what direction corresponding to the heart

Back 7

To the heart; except the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood

Front 8

Types of capillaries

Back 8

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

Front 9

Continuous characteristics

Back 9

Cells held together by tight junctions

Hint 9

Skin and muscle

Front 10

Fenestrated characteristics

Back 10

Cells contain pores and are specialized for exchange

Hint 10

Kidneys, endocrine organs, and intestine

Front 11

Sinusoidal characteristics

Back 11

Few tight junctions and is the most porous for exchange of large proteins

Hint 11

Liver and bone marrow

Front 12

Directional flow-

Where does blood go from pulmonary semilunar valve; aortic semilunar valve?

Back 12

Pulmonary arteries; aorta

Front 13

Directional flow-

Where does blood flow from the vena cava;

left and right atria?

Back 13

Right atrium; bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve

Front 14

What are the two different types of ventricular diastole?

Back 14

Pressure in the atria exceeds ventricular pressure and the AV valves open and ventricles fill passively.

Isovolumetric relaxation-the ventricles relax, pressure exceeds ventricular pressure and the semilunar valves will close.

Front 15

What occurs during atrial systole?

Back 15

Atrial contraction forces additional blood into ventricles

Hint 15

Atrial kick

Front 16

Different types of ventricular systole?

Back 16

Ventricular contraction pushes the AV valves closed and increases pressure inside the ventricle

Increased ventricular pressure forces the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.

Hint 16

Isovolumteric contraction; ventricular ejection

Front 17

Components of electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Back 17

P wave, QRS compex and T wave

Front 18

What is P wave a measurement of?

Back 18

atrial depolarization

Front 19

What is QRS complex a measurement of?

Back 19

ventricular depolarization

Front 20

What is T wave a measurement of?

Back 20

ventricular repolarization

Front 21

How is cardiac output calculated?

Back 21

HR X SV or EDV- ESV

Front 22

What is preload?

Back 22

Relaxed phased where veins return blood to the heart

Front 23

What is afterload?

Back 23

Blood that is left in the heart after contraction

Front 24

Frank-Starling effect

Back 24

Increased end-diastolic volume results in a more forceful contraction and increased SV

Front 25

How does autoregulation regulate blood flow?

Back 25

Direct response of arteriole smooth muscle

Front 26

What intrinsic factors regulate blood flow?

Back 26

Metabolic state of the tissue

Front 27

What extrinsic factors regulate blood flow?

Back 27

Nervous and endocrine factors

Front 28

What does norepinephrine regulate and how?

Back 28

Increase sympathetic neurons tone causes vasoconstriction, and decreased causes vasodilation

Front 29

What does vasopressin regulate and how?

Back 29

Causes vasoconstriction

Front 30

What does angiotensin 2 regulate and how?

Back 30

Decreased blood pressure causes generalized vasoconstriction

Front 31

What does arterial natriuretic peptide regulate and how?

Back 31

Increased blood pressure promotes generalized vasodilation

Front 32

What is MAP and how is calculated?

Back 32

Mean Arterial Pressure= average arterial pressure over time

MAP= 2/3 diastolic + 1/3 systolic

Front 33

Orthostatic hypotension

Back 33

Low blood pressure upon standing when reflex is too slow

Front 34

Composition of blood

Back 34

Plasma, erythocytes, and other blood/clotting cells

Front 35

What is hematocrit?

Back 35

Fraction of blood made up of erythrocytes

Front 36

Types of leukocytes

Back 36

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocytes/macrophage, and lymphocyte

Front 37

Neutrophil function

Back 37

Uses phagocytosis to engulf damaged cells, microorganisms and other foreign particles

Front 38

Eosinophil function

Back 38

Leaves the circulatory system and accumulates at sites of infection. Releases cytotoxic chemicals that kill foreign particles and involved in inflammation

Front 39

Monocyte function

Back 39

Monocytes mature into phagocytic macrophages that engulf and destroy foreign particles and dead/dying cells.

Front 40

Lymphocyte function

Back 40

B cells- secrete antibodies

Helper T cells- secrete molecules that activate other lymphocytes

Killer T cells- secrete cytotoxic agents that kill invaders or dying cells

Front 41

What is hematopoiesis?

Back 41

Blood cell formation

Front 42

What is erythopoietin?

Back 42

Hormone released by the kidney in response to low blood oxygen; stimulates formation of erythocytes in red bone marrow

Front 43

What is the single precursor of blood cell?

Back 43

Hematopoietic stem cell; two predecessors- myeloid and lymphoid

Front 44

A 1-chambered heart is

Back 44

Tubelike

Hint 44

early embryos of vertebrates

Front 45

Law of bulk flow

Back 45

Q= delta P/ R

Q= flow, delta P= change in pressure, R=resistance; R= 8L viscosity/ pi radius^4