Animal Physiology Chapter 5

Front 1

What percent of total body weight does blood comprise?

Back 1

8-10%

Front 2

What is the pH of blood?

Back 2

7.35 to 7.45

Front 3

If blood in a tube is centrifuged at ____ rpm for __ minutes, blood seperates out into ___ and ____?

Back 3

3000; 5; plasma and formed elements

Front 4

What % of total blood volume does plasma make up?

Back 4

55%

Front 5

What are the most common proteins in the blood, comprising 60-80%?

Back 5

Albumins

Front 6

What is the most common of the gamma globulins?

Back 6

IgG

Front 7

This is a plasma proteins that is involved in blood clotting.

Back 7

Fibrinogen

Front 8

What is the most ionic substance in blood?

Back 8

Ionic sodium

Front 9

What are the most common of the formed elements in blood?

Back 9

Erythrocytes

Front 10

What is the shape of an erythrocyte?

Back 10

Biconcave in shape, provides a larger surface area to cell volume that greatly enhances gaseous exchange

Front 11

Does the mammalian erythrocyte have a nucleus or mitochondria?

Back 11

No

Front 12

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

Back 12

120 days

Front 13

How many globin chains coupled with heme moieties does embryonic and fetal hemoglobin have?

Back 13

4

Front 14

Approximately how many molecules of hemoglobin does the mammalian erythrocyte have?

Back 14

280 million molecules

Front 15

What is the normal hemoglobin concentration of the adult human female? Male?

Back 15

13.3 grams per 100 mL of blood; 15.4 grams per 100 mL of blood

Front 16

These are nucleated blood cells that contain mitochondria and are involved in the immune process and are capable of squeezing through capillary pores (diapedesis) to enter traumatized tissues

Back 16

Leukocytes

Front 17

What do leukocytes contain in their cytoplasm?

Back 17

Granular leukocytes

Front 18

Do all leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm?

Back 18

No; some are agranular leukocytes

Front 19

What percent of all blood cells do eosinophils make up? What is their average lifespan?

Back 19

2-4%; 8-12 days

Front 20

How many lobes does the eosinophil nucleus contain?

Back 20

2 lobes

Front 21

In what conditions do you see an increase in eosinophils?

Back 21

Parasitic infections or some hypersensitivity states; but the role of eosinophils is poorly misunderstood

Front 22

What do the enzymes released by eosinophils do?

Back 22

They deactivate vasoactive substances released during the inflammatory process

Front 23

These leukocytes make up 0.5% - 1% of all leukocytes in human blood

Back 23

Basophils

Front 24

This kind of leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and contains numerous dark-blue stained membrane bound granules

Back 24

Basophil

Front 25

During the inflammatory process, this leukocyte degranulates and releases vasoactive substances including histamine, heparin, and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

Back 25

Basophils

Front 26

These are the least phagocytic of all granulated leukocytes

Back 26

Basophils

Front 27

What do basophils do?

Back 27

They release vasoactive substances including histamine, heparain, and slow acting substance of anaphylaxis

Front 28

What percent of leukocytes are considered neutrophils?

Back 28

60-80%

Front 29

How long do neutrophils live?

Back 29

6 hours to a few days

Front 30

What kind of nucleus does a neutrophil have?

Back 30

A polymorphonucleus, often containing 5 lobes

Front 31

These are the most phagocytic of the granular leukocytes?

Back 31

Neutrophils

Front 32

These kinds of granules in neutrophils are large and spheroidal in shape and contain hydrolytic and antibacterial enzmes that include lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and D-amino-oxidase

Back 32

Primary granules

Front 33

These kinds of granules in neutrophils are small, rod-shaped and are more numerous than the other. They contain a group of proteins with antibacterial action called phagocytins and the enzyme alkaline phosphatase

Back 33

Specific granules

Front 34

The cytoplasm of neutrophils is organelle ____ but rich in ____

Back 34

Poor; glycogen

Front 35

These are the principles cells involved in the inflammatory response

Back 35

Neutrophils

Front 36

These cells represent 20-25% of all white blood cells in human blood

Back 36

Lymphocytes

Front 37

What are the two major types of lymphocytes?

Back 37

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Front 38

When these lymphocytes are stimulated by a specific pathogen transform into a plasmablast that divides to form plasma cells

Back 38

B lymphocytes

Front 39

What are B and T lymphocytes involved in?

Back 39

Specific immunity

Front 40

These lymphocytes are stimulated by a specific pathogen to transofrm into a lymphoblast

Back 40

T lymphocyte

Front 41

Which of the lymphocytes transforms into a lymphoblast?

Back 41

T lymphocyte

Front 42

What are produced by activated T lymphocytes that attract and activate blood borne macrophages

Back 42

Lymphokines

Front 43

These types of lymphocytes promote direction pathogenic destruction by invading the pathogen and releasing cytotoxin chemicals

Back 43

Killer t lymphocytes

Front 44

this is the largest of the leukocytes, representing 3-8% of all leukocytes in the blood

Back 44

Monocyte

Front 45

What is the lifespan of a monocyte?

Back 45

months to years

Front 46

This is characterized by a large eccentrically placed nucleus that often contains two or more nucleoli

Back 46

Monocyte

Front 47

Are macrophages (monocytes) highly motile cells that can migrate into connective tissue?

Back 47

Yes

Front 48

These are cellular fragments that have no nuclei

Back 48

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Front 49

This is the process by which blood cells are formed, which each blood cell is derived from a single primate cell type called a hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem cell)

Back 49

Hemopoiesis

Front 50

What is the larger cell that forms thrombocytes?

Back 50

Megakaryocytes

Front 51

Where does the formation of erythrocytes, granular leukocytes, agranular leukocytes, and platelets occur?

Back 51

The flat bones such as the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, and the proximal end of the long bones

Front 52

Where is each blood cell derived from?

Back 52

A hemocytoblasm

Front 53

Where is erythropoesis confined to in humans?

Back 53

Red bone marrow

Front 54

What % of the bodies total iron content is found in hemoglobin? Where is the remaining iron contained?

Back 54

66%; liver, spleen, red bone marrow, intestine and other tissues

Front 55

What does red bone marrow use ferrous iron for?

Back 55

Synthesis of hemoglobin

Front 56

This is a gastric protein that combines with ferrous iron and transports it to the small intestine where it is absorbed

Back 56

Gastroferritin

Front 57

Where is ferrous iron in the liver bound to?

Back 57

Apoferritan

Front 58

Can ferrous iron be released for storage?

Back 58

Yes

Front 59

what is hemoglobin degraded into?

Back 59

Heme and globular protein

Front 60

This is broken down into biliverdin and ferric iron?

Back 60

Heme

Front 61

How does iron get around the body?

Back 61

Transferrin

Front 62

This is reduced to bilirubin that is then released into the blood

Back 62

Biliverdin

Front 63

When a blood vessel is cut, what surrounds the blood vessel are exposed at the wound site? With what, specifically?

Back 63

Collagen fibers; von Willebrand factor (Factor VIII)

Front 64

This is when platelets and other blood cells exude from the wound and becomes trapped in the collagen fibers

Back 64

Primary platelet aggregation

Front 65

What is the last thing to happen during hemostasis?

Back 65

Platelet plug formation

Front 66

This is the cessation of bleeding

Back 66

Hemostasis

Front 67

This is a series of enzymatic reactions in the blood that results in the formation of stabilized fibrin stands at the site of the injured vessel

Back 67

Coagulation

Front 68

What is coagulation divided into?

Back 68

Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

Front 69

In this pathway of coagulation, coagulation is initiated by thromboplastin secreted by tissue cells outside the blood vessel

Back 69

Extrinsic pathway

Front 70

When blood fro injured vessels comes into contact with thromboplastin, ____ ___ becomes activated, each molecule then activates factor X then produces prothrombinase (Extrinsic pathway)

Back 70

Factor 7

Front 71

(Intrinsic pathway) Coagulation is initiated by factors found in the blood. Platelet release reaction releases numerous chemicals at the injury site, which activate factor XII, then activates factor XI, then activates factor IX, then activates factor VIII, then activates factor X

Back 71

Yes, this is the intrinsic pathway

Front 72

This is the breakdown of fibrin after bleeding has been checked and tissue repair is underway

Back 72

Fibrinolysis

Front 73

This is an inactive enzyme in the blood that is activated to form plasmin

Back 73

Plasminogen

Front 74

This is the combining of enzymes with certain heterocyclic ring structures so that the ion is held by chemical bonds by each of the participating rings

Back 74

Chealtion

Front 75

What are divalent chelators?

Back 75

Citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

Front 76

This is a polysaccharide that has been isolated from liver, lung, and various other tissues of the body. It is produced by mast cells of the liver and basophil leukocytes

Back 76

Heparin

Front 77

This is a collection of chemicals whose molecular shapes resemble that of vitamin K, which is an antihemorrhagic factor

Back 77

Coumarins

Front 78

What are some anticoagulants?

Back 78

Divalent chelators

Heparin

Coumarins

Front 79

This is caused by body tissues becoming hypoxic because of too little oxygen or because of failure to deliver oxygen to the tissues blood forming organs will produce large quantities of erythrocytes

Back 79

Polycythemia

Front 80

What is the normal amount of erythrocytes in the blood?

Back 80

6-8 million per cubic milimeter

Front 81

Does polycythemia cause an increase in blood viscosity?

Back 81

Yes; also an increase in total vascular resistance

Front 82

This is primarily caused by a lack of erythrocytes or hemoglobin?

Back 82

Anemia

Front 83

Is anemia a disease?

Back 83

NO

Front 84

This results from a greater demand on stored iron than can be supplied. The most common chronic disease of mankind

Back 84

Nutritional (iron deficient) anemia

Front 85

This is caused by the inability of the stomach to secrete intrinsic factor, thus reducing the amount of vitamin B12 needed for erythrocyte production

Back 85

Pernicious anemia

Front 86

This is caused by the destruction of bone marrow

Back 86

Aplastic anemia

Front 87

This is the rupture of erytrocytes

Back 87

Hemolytic anemia

Front 88

This is caused by the severe loss of blood

Back 88

Hemorrhagic anemia

Front 89

How is mean corpuscular volume calculated?

Back 89

MCV = (hematocrit (%RBC) x 10)/ RBC count

Front 90

How is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration calculated?

Back 90

MCHC % = (hemoglobin x 100)/hematrocrit (%RBC)

Front 91

This is a condition in which the average size of circulating erythrocytes is greater than normal

Back 91

Macrocytic anemia

Front 92

This is a condition in which the MCV is abnormally low and the MCHC is lower than the normal range

Back 92

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Front 93

This is a condition in which the MCV and the MCHC of a blood sample falls within normal parameters

Back 93

Normocytic normochromic anemia

Front 94

This is an increase in the white blood cell count above nromal values

Back 94

Leukocytosis

Front 95

What is neutrophilia associated with?

Back 95

Appendicitic, rheumatic fever, small pox, diabetic acidosis and severe hemorhaging

Front 96

What is lymphocytosis associated with?

Back 96

Infectious mononucleosis and chronic infections

Front 97

What is eosinophilia associated with?

Back 97

Parasitic infections, psoriasis, bronchial asthma and hay fever

Front 98

What is basocytosis associated with?

Back 98

Hemolytic anemia, chicken pox, and small pox

Front 99

What is monocytosis associated with?

Back 99

Malaria, bacterial endocarditis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and typhoid fever

Front 100

This is a condition when there is a decrease in the number of neutrophils or eosinophils in the blood

Back 100

Leukopenia