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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list 6 factors that influence metabolic rate
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1. age
2. Gender 3. Sleep 4. Food intake 5. Hormones 6. Physical activity |
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Define and give examples of Anabolism?
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Reaction in which simple molecules are combined to form more complex molecules.
ex. Formation of body structures (amino acids --> proteins) ex. Storage of energy |
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Define and give examples of Catabolism?
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Breakdown of complex molecules to release metabolic energy
ex. Waste products are produced (ex. Carbon dioxide) |
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Major fuel stores in the body?
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Carbohydrates
Fats Proteins |
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Name and define the 5 basic processes performed by the digestive system?
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1. Motility- Movement of materials through the digestive tract
2. Secretion- Secretion of digestive juices into the tract 3. Digestion- Breakdown of food into smaller units 4. Absorption-Transport of the products of digestion into the blood 5. Excretion- Elimination of waste |
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Path taken by food from mouth to anus. principle organs of digestion and absorption along the way
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1. Mouth- chewing, taste (buds), mixed with saliva. digestion begins here
2. Pharynx- Swallowing 3. Esophagus- transports food to the stomach 4. Stomach- Storage of food and digestion of protein 5, Small intestines- Majority of digestion and absorption of food 6. Appendix- No function 7. Large intestines- Absorption of H20 and storage of waste 8. Anus- Elimination of waste |
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Explain how smooth muscle contraction is responsible for movement and mixing of food material?
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Peristalsis=waves of smooth muscle contracting is responsible for propolsion of food
Segmentation= is the alternating contraction and relaxation of different segments of the digestive tract is the reason for mixing. |
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describe the action of a sphincter and give an example of one in the digestive system?
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tight rings of muscle which stop the movement of materials
example. Lower esophageal sphincter a. prevents backflow of stomach contents into esophagus b. Closed except when swallowing c. when open at the wrong time -->heartburn |
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Major contribution of William Beaumont to our understanding of the digestive system
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left a whole in a canadian trapper who was accidentally shot in a stomach so he could see inside the stomach. Removed some gastric juices from the stomach and had it analyzed by chemists, Demonstrated digestion is mainly a chemical process
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5 functions of the liver
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1. Production of bile
2. Storage of nutrients 3. Synthesis of new molecules to be distributed to other body areas 4. Destruction of harmful substances (ex. drugs) 5. Excretion of waste in the bile (ex. bilirubin from breakdown of red blood cells) |
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describe hepatic portal circulation and discuss its importance?
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Capillaries in small intestines--> hepatic portal vein--> Capillaries in liver-->Hepatic vein-->Heart. It is responsible for transporting blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
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3 glands associated with the digestive system and name at least one secretion of each gland
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1. Salivary glands-water, mucus, salivary amylase
2. Pancreas- Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase 3. Liver- bile |
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Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates?
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digestion begins in the mouth thanks to salivary amylase and finishes in the small intestines with the help of pancreatic amylase and bush border enzymes.
Glucose is absorbed from the small intestines by secondary active transport. |
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Digestion and absorption of Proteins
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digestion begins in the stomach thanks to HCl and pepsin and finishes in the small intestines with trysin and brush border enzymes.
Amino acids are absorbed from the small intestines by secondary active transport |
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digestion and absorption of Fats
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Fat droplets are dispersed by bile salts. small intestines use lipase.
Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed from small intestines by diffusion. |
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Distinguish between the 5 different types of blood vessels in terms of size structure and function?
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1. Arteries-Large, thick-walled,elastic tubes. Carries blood away from heart
2. Arterioles- Much smaller, very muscular. microscopic identification (diverge,pulsatile flow of red-blood cells). major role in control of blood pressure. 3. Capillaries-very small, thin-walled. Microscopic ID (RBC's in single file, slowest velocity). exchange gases and nutrients with cells or lungs. 4. Venules- same size as arterioles, less muscular. (smooth flow, converge). carry blood towards heart. 5. veins- Large, like arteries, thinner walls. carry blood back to heart. |
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path of blood flow through the circulatory system of fish
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Fish have 2-chambered heart. The Atrium above--recieves the blood from veins, and transports it to the ventricles below-- primary pump of the heart.
Heart--->gills--->body tissues--->Heart---> |
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Path of blood flow through circulatory system of amphibians and reptiles
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three-chambered heart.
a. two atria, one ventricle b. Oxygenated blood from lungs enters left atrium c. Oxygen-poor blood from tissues enters right atrium d. Oxygenated blood and oxygen-poor blood mix in ventricle e. Reptiles have an incomplete septum in the ventricle |
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Path of blood flow through circulatory system of birds and mammals
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4-chambered heart
a.two atria, two ventricles b. Left and right ventricles are seperated by a septum c. Complete separation of left and right hearts. |
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2 examples of left-to-right shunts and describe physiological consequences of these abnormalities.
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Septal defect- hole in interventricular septum. blood flows from left ventricle to right.
Patent ductus arteriosus- remains open after birth so blood flows from aorta to pulmonary artery. |
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Describe factors responsible for certain cardiac muscle cells functioning as pacemaker cells?
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Gradual spontaneous depolarization of the cardiac pacemaker cell due to the slow leak of Na+ into the cell. Reaches threshold ---> action potential. action potential is due to opening of Ca++ channels
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Describe path of impulse conduction through heart
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1. SA node spontaneously depolarizes
2. impulse spreads downward and too the left across both atria by way of gap junctions -- Both atria depolarize and contract 3. Only conducting path to ventricles is the atrioventricular (AV) node. a. Slow conduction through AV node delays ventricular contraction by 100 msec. 4. Down bundle of His to apex of heart. 5. Along Purkinje fibers and across both ventricles -- both ventricles depolarize and contract. 6. If SA node is blocked, another portion of the conducting system will take over as pacemaker. |
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Contraction of the myocardium generates ________ _______ that result in the orderly movement of blood.
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pressure changes
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Period of ventricular contraction
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systole
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Period of ventricular relaxation
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Diastole
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Identify the changes in blood pressure at different points along the systemic circulation?
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BP is highest in the arteries, lower in the capillaries, and lowest in the veins.
Arterial BP is highest during systole, and lowest at the end of diastole. Venous BP is fairly constant throughout the cardiac cycle. |
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Describe the relationship between cardiac output, resistance, and arterial blood pressure?
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Mean arterial Pressure (MAP)= Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance.
Cardiac output= Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute. |
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Volume of blood ejected from each ventricle in a single beat. ~2/3 of the End-diastolic Volume.
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Stroke volume (SV)
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Factors that influence cardiac output, including control by autonomic nervous system.
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HR determined by the rate of depolarization in the SA node.
Stroke volume determined by myocardial contractility and end-diastolic volume |
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Factors influencing resistance to flow through a tube?
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Diameter of the blood vessel.
Diameter of the arterioles. |
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Describe local control of blood flow to an organ?
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1. Organs can regulate their own blood supply.
2. increased metabolic activity-->increased O2 demand. If O2 demand exceeps O2 supplu-->hypoxia 3.Hypoxia and local chemical changes (ex. nitric oxide release) cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle--> local vasodilation 4.increases blood flow to the organ 5. Heart and skeletal muscle especially proficient at this. |
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explain how the baroreceptor reflex is used to adjust the mean arterial blood pressure.
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baroreceptor reflex- is the mechanism by which blood pressure is maintained in spite of changes in body position.
look in notes for how it's used. |
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describe physiological basis of Circulatory shock, and its treatment.
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Caused by loss of 20% or more of blood volume.
Reduced cardiac output (CO) to the extent that tissues are damaged from inadequate blood flow. If unable to restore MAP, then reflexes will increse blood flow to heart and brain at the expense of other organs. |
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describe physiological basis of Hypertension and its treatment.
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Arterial blood pressure greater then 100 beats/min.
conseuences: 1. Increased work of the heart ---> heart failure. 2. Atherosclerosis ---> heart attack. 3. Increased cerebral blood pressure ---> stroke |
